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Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): New Players in Water Policy
非政府组织：水务政策的新参与者
By Jon Lane
清水同盟www.cleanwater.org.cn翻译
Governments have always dominated water policy decision making. But in the last few decades, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a growing role. Particularly in democracies, NGOs have taken an active and vocal role in determining how water should be protected and shared.There are many types of NGOs: local and international, representative and self-created, those active in fieldwork, advocacy or research. In Ghana, for instance, there is an NGO called ProNet. In Nepal, there is Newah. In South Africa, the Mvula Trust. In Ethiopia, Water Action and in China Clean Water Alliances etc.
政府机构往往是掌控着水务政策的指定。但是在过去的几十年中非政府组织在水污政策的指定中扮演了重要的角色。尤其在民主体制下，非政府组织非常积极的参与到如何更好的保护水资源和合理分配水资源的决策过程中。非政府机构有多种形式：地方的、国际的、代表处形式亦或是自发的等，他们都积极参与实地考察、活跃于各种宣传活动和调研活动中。比如在加纳的ProNet；尼泊尔的Newah；南非的the Mvula; 埃塞俄比亚Water Action和中国的“清水同盟”。
International specialist water NGOs include Water Aid (UK); Eau Vive (France); and Simavi (Netherlands). In the US, the American Water Works Association has established an NGO called "Water for People." Information, research and networking NGOs include CINARA (Colombia); NETWAS (Kenya); IRC (Netherlands); International Secretariat for Water (Canada); and Programme Solidarite Eau (France). As you can see, there are many types of NGOs now concentrating on water issues around the globe. A more complete list of NGOs can be found on the websites of the Global Water Partnership and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.
国际专业水务非政府组织包括Water Aid（英国）；Eau Vive （法国）和Simavi （荷兰）。在美国美国水工作协会创办了一个叫做“Water for People”的非政府机构。信息收集、调研和网络形式的非政府水污组织包括：CINARA （哥伦比亚）；NETWAS （肯尼亚）；IRC（荷兰）；International Secretariat for Water （加拿大）和Programme Solidarite Eau （法国）。从上面罗列的组织中你们可以看到世界各地都有各种各样的水务非政府组织的存在。你可以通过全球水伙伴和水供给和卫生协作理事会的网站获得更加详细的水务非政府组织名录。
NGOs contribute to policy making in several ways: First, through representation, where the organization speaks for ordinary people. NGOs along with community based organizations can pass on the views of the people, building even more legitimacy if they are in some way elected or representative of the people. In some circumstances (such as one-party states), NGOs almost take the place of political parties in voicing the people's feelings.
非政府机构是通过以下几种方式来辅助水务政策指定：第一，通过演讲形式，非政府机构代表普通民众发言讲话，通过这种形式非政府机构传递给政策制定者民众想法，如果非政府机构通过选举产生代表来参与政府政策的指定，那么就更具备合法性。在一些特殊的情况下（一党执政）非政府机构更能代表大众心声。
Second, through innovation, where NGOs lead the government in trying out new ideas and approaches, and in translating these into policies. Third, monitoring, where NGOs, because of their independence, can monitor the application of water policies. This is an acknowledged role of NGOs in such issues as human rights, and it is growing in water policy as well, in such activities as monitoring, for example, the abilities of private sector contracts. Fourth, research. Especially in industrialized nations, there are many NGOs that specialize in researching and publishing information. Information is power, and so the free availability of objective information can help all parties develop policies more equitably.
第二，通过改革创新，非政府机构通过带领政府通过成功的尝试新的观念、理念和手法，并把他们转化为政策。第三，监督，因为非政府机构的独立性，可以依靠他们从一个公平的角度监督各项水务政策的实施。这点被非政府机构认为是人权的一部分组成内容，同时被广泛的运用的水务政策的实施和监督上。比如与私立机构订立的合同等。第四，调研，特别是针对工业地区，有许多非政府机构擅长调研和发布信息。如今信息世界，咨询就是力量，灵活机动地对不同领域开展全方位的调研会使得政策的制订更加公平。
What kind of activities have NGOs participated in? In Ghana, for instance, a group of local NGOs, supported by WaterAid, decided they needed to establish a dialog with the government to create a national water policy. And so, 10 years ago, they hosted a conference at laceName w:st="on">MolelaceName> laceType w:st="on">National ParklaceType> to which they invited the government and other interested parties. The Mole Conference has now become an important annual event. The Ghanian government has acknowledged the role that NGOs play in making, following and monitoring the national water and sanitation policies.
NGO参与何种活动呢？例如在加纳，一批由水援助支持的NGO认定他们需要与政府建立对话，以制定出一种国家水政策。因此，10年以前，他们就在人工港国家公园举办了一个大会，邀请政府和其他感兴趣的政党参加。现在人工港大会已经成为了一个重要的年度活动。加纳政府已经承认这些NGO的角色是制定、服从和监督国家水和环境卫生政策。
In India, NGOs have lobbied the state government to change policies on sanitation from one based on subsidies to a marketing-led, demand-driven approach. Meanwhile, in Britain, NGOs concerned with water and sanitation in developing countries have recently formed the UK NGOs Water Forum. The Forum discusses policy questions with the British Government's Department for International Development.
在印度，NGO们游说政府将环境卫生政策从以补贴为主，转向市场导向和需求驱动。同时在英国，关注发展中国家水和环境卫生的NGO们最近成立了英国NGO水论坛。论坛与英国政府国际发展部门讨论政策问题。
There is no doubt that NGOs carry clout. For example, at the recent Second World Water Forum in The Hague, several NGOs assembled to present and debate their policy views, which were then delivered to the ministers from more than 100 countries that had gathered there.
毫无疑问，NGO是有影响力的。例如，最近在海牙召开的第二世界水论坛，几个NGO共同陈述和辩论他们的政策观点，这些论点随后被呈送给在当地与会的一百多个国家首脑。
WaterAid is a good example of an NGO in action. WaterAid was founded in 1981 by the people and organizations of the British water industry and now works in 16 countries in Africa and Asia. Its aim is to help poor people in developing countries improve their lives through improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. It achieves this by working through partner organizations to support community-managed projects; by building up the capacity of its partners (government and local NGOs) to take over the work without dependency on WaterAid; and to influence other organizations to lend their support to the problems at hand.
“水援助组织”是NGO活动的一个成功典型。“水援助组织”由水工业人士和组织于1981年成立，现在在非洲和亚洲16个国家活动。他们的目的是帮助发展中国家的贫困人群改善饮水、环境卫生和健康以提高他们的生活水平。为此，“水援助组织”通过合作组织支持共同管理项目，加强合作者（政府和当地NGO）的能力以便其独立开展工作，同时影响其他组织对目前的问题予以援手。
WaterAid's members can be likened to a company's shareholders. Current membership includes all of the privatized water PLCs and most of the other water undertakings in England and Wales; all of the Scottish and Northern Ireland water authorities; the major trades unions associated with the industry; the Water Research Centre; the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, and the Institution of Water Officers.
“水援助组织”成员可以被比作一个公司的股东。目前的成员包括所有的私有水务上市公司和大多数其他在英格兰和威尔士的水务企业、所有的苏格兰和北爱尔兰水务局、与行业有关的主要商会、水研究中心、水和环境管理的特许机构，以及水官员机构。
Projects are identified by WaterAid country representatives based overseas. The technical feasibility of the water project is only one consideration; so is the motivation and commitment of the people. WaterAid provides the financial support and technical advice, but it is the local people who undertake the hard work of collecting sand, digging trenches and mixing concrete, and it is they who maintain and manage them in the future.
项目由“水援助组织”在海外的代表处进行鉴定。水项目的技术可行性仅仅是一个方面，人们的动机和承诺也必须考察。“水援助组织”提供资金支持和技术建议，但是是由当地人来承办采沙、掘沟和搅拌混凝土等艰苦的工作，而且也是他们在将来维持和管理。
Sometimes, groups within and outside Britain raise money for specific projects. For instance, the cost of a village hand-dug well usually starts at about $1500 and includes an associated program of health education and sanitation which will benefit a few hundred people. Gravity-fed water networks, benefiting thousands of people are more expensive, but they generally cost no more than $15 a person. In some cases, national organizations such as the Rotary or Lions will fund a major program on a national basis. Where this happens, each club that raises the funds in linked to the overall program by WaterAid.
在英国国内外的组织经常为某个特定项目融资。比如，一个村庄手挖井的费用通常起始于1500美金，同时包括一个健康教育和环境卫生的相联项目，这将使上百人受益。造福了成千上万人的自给水网络更昂贵一些，但是通常成本也仅仅为每个人15美元。有时候，像扶轮国际、名胜这样的国家组织将会找到一个全国性的较大的项目。这些活动的发生地，每个筹集资金的会社都与“水援助组织”的总项目关联。
In Ethiopia, for instance, WaterAid is supporting several spring-fed gravity driven projects in the South of this very dry nation, while in the North, several hand-dug wells are underway. In Zambia, which has been stricken by drought and diminishing rainfall over the last 30 years, WaterAid is partnering with several national government organizations in a program of hand-dug wells and latrines. It is also starting a research program to improve the present poor rate of success for hand-dug and tubewell projects.
举例说，在埃塞俄比亚，“水援助组织”支持几个引水灌溉项目在这个极度干旱国家的南方；同时在北方，几个手挖井也在进行中。在赞比亚这个过去30年里饱受干旱和雨水渐少困扰的国家，“水援助组织”正在与几个国家政府组织在一个手挖井和公共厕所的项目中进行合作。它也在开始一个研究项目来提高目前可怜的手挖井和管道井项目的成功率。 | 
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