[原创]从几个句子谈起
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<div class="title">从几个句子谈起</div></td></tr>
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<div class="bt_content"><font lang="ZH-CN">
<p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">下面几个句子可以讨论: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">1. All that you have to do is sign
your name here. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">2. Has everybody handed in their
exercises? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">3. Who is the principal talking with?
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">4. About 30 percent of the population
of the country are smokers. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">5. - Who is it? - It's me. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">这几个句子,严格地说,都不太符合语法规则,都有点语法上的毛病。
但以英语为母语的人都经常这样说。 </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">第1句在is和sign这两个动词之间,根据一般的语法规则,应该加个to。
但在非正式的文章和口语中,主语如果是从句,谓语动词是be,表语为不定式,在be和不定式的动词之间用to不用to都常见,看来这两种说法都是可接受的。
下面是个类似的句子: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">What we must do is reduce the use of
energy and use natural energy. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">有人曾经问过一位英国语言学家:在这种句型中,用to和不用to有什么差别?
他的答复是: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">“They are equally
good.”也许可以这样说,在口语中不用to的情况比在文章中要常见一些。 </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">上面第2句涉及everybody这个词的数的问题。
一般语法书认为everybody, everyone, anyone等都是单数,如需要用代词来代表这几个词的话,应该用he, she, him, her,
his, her。 不过近来在口语中,有时人们用they或their来代替这几个词,可能因为用he或his不能包括妇女,而用he or she, his or
her又太罗唆。 试比较: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Has everyone got the material he or
she needs? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Has everyone got the material they
need? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Has anyone left his or her books in
the reading-room? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Has anyone left their books in the
reading-room? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">用he or she, his or her是比较正式的说法; 用they,
their是非正式的说法,口语中很普通。 </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">第3句的问题在于句首的who是句末的with的宾语,根据语法似乎应该用whom。
但很长时间以来,在这种问句中(who开头,介词在最后)都用who而不用whom了。 因为这个说法很普通,用whom开头反而会使人感到奇怪。
甚至作及物动词的宾语,如果是who在句首、动词在后面的问句,也常用who而不用whom,如: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Who did you see? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Who will you ask? </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">只有在很正式的文章中才用whom。
当然,如果把介词放在前面,就必须用whom: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">With whom is the principal talking?
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">To whom did you give the letter?
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">但这也是正式的说法。 </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">第4句中有一个问题:population一般认为是单数名词,前面加了30
percent of这个短语。 </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">照说不能改变它的单数的特点,那么后面用are smokers对不对呢?
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">这里有个说话人的角度问题。
在说一个国家或地区的总人口时,population便是单数,如: </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">What is the population of China?
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">China has a population of over 1.2
billion. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">但在着眼于众人时,可以认为population本身是复数,如:
</font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">Most of the population of that country
don't get enough to eat. </font>
</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; "><font face="宋体">这么说,上面一句中are smokers便是对的了。 </font></p></font></div></td></tr></span></p></div></span>
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