下面几个句子可以讨论:
1. All that you have to do is sign
your name here.
2. Has everybody handed in their
exercises?
3. Who is the principal talking with?
4. About 30 percent of the population
of the country are smokers.
5. - Who is it? - It's me.
这几个句子,严格地说,都不太符合语法规则,都有点语法上的毛病。
但以英语为母语的人都经常这样说。
第1句在is和sign这两个动词之间,根据一般的语法规则,应该加个to。
但在非正式的文章和口语中,主语如果是从句,谓语动词是be,表语为不定式,在be和不定式的动词之间用to不用to都常见,看来这两种说法都是可接受的。
下面是个类似的句子:
What we must do is reduce the use of
energy and use natural energy.
有人曾经问过一位英国语言学家:在这种句型中,用to和不用to有什么差别?
他的答复是:
“They are equally
good.”也许可以这样说,在口语中不用to的情况比在文章中要常见一些。
上面第2句涉及everybody这个词的数的问题。
一般语法书认为everybody, everyone, anyone等都是单数,如需要用代词来代表这几个词的话,应该用he, she, him, her,
his, her。 不过近来在口语中,有时人们用they或their来代替这几个词,可能因为用he或his不能包括妇女,而用he or she, his or
her又太罗唆。 试比较:
Has everyone got the material he or
she needs?
Has everyone got the material they
need?
Has anyone left his or her books in
the reading-room?
Has anyone left their books in the
reading-room?
用he or she, his or her是比较正式的说法; 用they,
their是非正式的说法,口语中很普通。
第3句的问题在于句首的who是句末的with的宾语,根据语法似乎应该用whom。
但很长时间以来,在这种问句中(who开头,介词在最后)都用who而不用whom了。 因为这个说法很普通,用whom开头反而会使人感到奇怪。
甚至作及物动词的宾语,如果是who在句首、动词在后面的问句,也常用who而不用whom,如:
Who did you see?
Who will you ask?
只有在很正式的文章中才用whom。
当然,如果把介词放在前面,就必须用whom:
With whom is the principal talking?
To whom did you give the letter?
但这也是正式的说法。
第4句中有一个问题:population一般认为是单数名词,前面加了30
percent of这个短语。
照说不能改变它的单数的特点,那么后面用are smokers对不对呢?
这里有个说话人的角度问题。
在说一个国家或地区的总人口时,population便是单数,如:
What is the population of China?
China has a population of over 1.2
billion.
但在着眼于众人时,可以认为population本身是复数,如:
Most of the population of that country
don't get enough to eat.
这么说,上面一句中are smokers便是对的了。