《英才》杂志 发表于 2008-11-7 11:26:24

<strong>  金岩石<br/>  <br/>  救市门徒<br/>  <br/>  口述|国金证券首席经济学家金岩石</strong><br/>  <br/>  2007年10月16日,A股创出6124点历史高点后,一路下跌。到现在,将近一年时间,股指已经跌去2/3。这段时间,大家一直在热烈地讨论政府是不是应该出手救市。支持者有之,反对者亦有之。我本人是明确的救市支持者。<br/>  <br/>  在支持救市的阵营中,也分为两种观点:一种是救指数,一种是救市场。我支持后者。<br/>  <br/>  尽管到目前为止,没有任何迹象表明有关部门有救市的意思,但主张救市,我有坚实的数据支撑。<br/>  <br/>  股市的涨跌是一种周期性现象,本来不足为怪。不过,中外股市相比,会发现两个明显的差别。<br/>  <br/>  首先是周期长度。以纽交所为参照,它有2/3的时间处于牛市,1/3处于熊市,牛长熊短;而中国A股市场正好相反,19年时间里,中国A股有超过13年处于熊市,牛短熊长。其次,从熊市跌幅来看,纽交所跌幅超过20%、时间超过6个月就算熊市;但看看A股,每次熊市的跌幅都超过50%,时间通常超过两年。<br/>  <br/>  从这两点来看,股市必须得救。任何一个市场的参与者,无论站在什么角度,应该都希望我们的市场从牛短熊长变成牛长熊短、从暴涨暴跌变成相对平缓。<br/>  <br/>  那么,造成中国A股市场牛短熊长、暴涨暴跌的原因是什么?表面来看,似乎是所谓的“投资者不成熟”。其实,深层次的原因在于中国股市的“原罪”,具体来说,就是“股权分置”和“为国企脱困”。<br/>  <br/>  改革30年,很多最终成为制度的改革成果都有人抢发明权,但是唯独“股权分置”和“为国企脱困”这两项没有人抢发明权。<br/>  <br/>  这两项制度在设计上根本没有经过论证。据我所知,在股市开盘前的正式论证中,有关部门原准备实行全流通体制,只是在试行的过程中,由于各种配套措施不完善,市场上出现了一些“乱象”--现在看来,也未必是乱象--就提出了“股权分置”。<br/>  <br/>  有一个不可考的说法是:最初不知是谁的秘书起草了一个文件,里面有对股市乱象的分析,提到了法人股流通的问题,结果,有位领导针对该报告中的问题,批示:暂不流通。结果阴差阳错,一个情况报告上的批示却成了18年来的一个制度。<br/>  <br/>  “为国企脱困”,当时也只是一个口号,没有经过论证。其实,只要仔细想想,大家都会知道,所谓“为国企脱困”,就等于在市场门口挂上一块牌子,告诉所有进场的人,“本店专卖价高质次的商品”。<br/>  <br/>  这两大困扰中国股市的“原罪”违背了市场的基本准则--建立市场诚信、保护投资者利益,而这两大准则正是股票市场的基石。中国股市之所以牛短熊长、暴涨暴跌,就是因为我们把这两块基石给搬走了。<br/>  <br/>  当股权分置成为制度的时候,由于绝大多数不流通的股东都在国有企业中,他们缺乏对市场暴涨暴跌的感觉,所以市场不能形成统一的声音来抵制对股市不利的政策。而“为国企脱困”的幽灵一直在市场中盘旋,一旦某个领域出现问题,我们就习惯性地牺牲股市成长、牺牲投资者的利益。<br/>  <br/>  从这个角度来看,股市必须得救,而方法,自然就是把这两块基石给搬回来:实行股权分置改革、修订《证券法》。<br/>  <br/>  还有人提出“治市”的观点,我也不太赞成。所谓“治市”,强调的是用长期政策来改善股市的制度基础,这当然很重要,但这是一个常规的概念,有点儿不痛不痒,就像“交通警”,他的作用是长期的交通治理;而“救市”则是“武警”的概念,讲究的是非常状态下的紧急行动。现在的A股市场可以说已经处在极其危险的非常状态了,我们需要的是能处理危机的“武警”。<br/>  <br/>  现代金融监管有一个特点:管跌不管涨。<br/>  <br/>  1996年12月,美国国会听证时,一位国会议员问格林斯潘:你如何看待当前炙手可热的股票市场?格林斯潘说了一句话:非理性繁荣。此言一出,引发了全球股市整整两周的振荡。随后,股市大反攻,道琼斯指数从6500点涨到12000点,纳斯达克指数从1000点涨到5000点。后来又出现了暴跌。<br/>  <br/>  回顾这段历史,格林斯潘明确地说,作为货币政策的监管者,我并没有任何授权去管理泡沫,我也没有办法控制泡沫,但是我却有授权也有能力在泡沫破灭的时候让风险降到最低。<br/>  <br/>  这个理念,我把它概括为现代金融调控者的基本信条:管跌不管涨。<br/>  <br/>  可是,我们A股市场的监管者恰好走了相反的路:管涨不管跌。涨的时候,各种意见很多,但是跌的时候,人人都在说,把它交给市场--这简直就是推卸责任。<br/>  <br/>  反对救市者最冠冕堂皇的理由是:市场的归市场。这很荒谬,“市场归市场”的前提是“市场市”,但目前中国的股市是“政策市”,否认这一点,对整个市场的基本判断就是错的。<br/>  <br/>  针对中国股市19年来的一贯症状,我的救市方法分为三步。<br/>  <br/>  一、启动股权分置改革,这就必须要建立全流通的市场。<br/>  <br/>  二、一旦启动股权分置,股指不可避免地出现急跌,这时候,政府要对股市轻徭减负,印花税、政策性配套都要放松,这个阶段大概在4000点附近开始。<br/>  <br/>  三、现在的情形:市场的流动性不足,不足以消化大小非。国家必须主动为市场注入流动性,来解决大小非减持引起的问题。这个时候,限制大小非减持或是新股增发都是不合理的。市场经济的基础是契约精神,虽然大小非减持与新股增发是对市场的严峻考验,但它们都符合契约精神,如果我们拿了对价,到期却不让人减持或增发,那就是违约。<br/>  <br/>  通俗地讲,股改是问诊,确定它有病;降低印花税是输液,确定它必须得活;现在进入了输血和手术阶段了,这时候退缩一步,就会前功尽弃,股改功亏一篑。<br/>  <br/>  所以,国家应该下决心面对市场的失血问题,主动注入流动性,分流大小非,尽快完成股改,让股市走出先天性疾病。<br/>  <br/>  (采访|本刊记者 罗影)

cqghy 发表于 2008-11-8 11:46:28

学习学习,等下慢慢看

davybao 发表于 2008-11-9 00:07:44

用风口浪尖喻改革极为贴切。本期不仅策划好,而且选取的切入点和人物都有极强的代表性。建议各位家人认真精读。

cyhpqpc 发表于 2008-11-10 17:16:36

<p>认真学习。</p>

珏妙慧心 发表于 2008-11-12 16:18:36

<p>对早期70后来说,这30年是踮着脚都能看得到,但就是追不上也够不着呀!</p>

mkhkyyy 发表于 2008-11-13 11:40:55

oouou

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