生产实务系列之(四)质量管理体系之PDCA循環
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">生产实务系列之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">质量管理体系之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體;">PDCA循環<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">质量管理体系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环是一个不断持续改进的过程，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环不仅仅贯穿整个体系，还要求我们进行持续改进以不断提高质量管理体系的实际运作性、可行性和可靠性，以实现公司绩效的最大化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">即计划、策划（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Plan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">），实施、工作（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Do</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">），检查（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Check</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">）和标准化（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Action</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">每家公司都会有相应的计划，如：年度计划，月生产计划，培训计划，产值达成计划，部门分解计划等，计划是每一个公司发展的第一步，而只有计划而不实施只能成为一纸空文，永远不可能变成实际的利益或绩效。只有实施工作才有可能产生相应的绩效，所以说实施是其中重要的一环，当然实施也不是没有方法和规程，如何实施才更便捷、更节约，更能产生绩效应该是我们考虑的问题，至于实施中出现的问题及处理方案则应成为我们制定标准及标准化过程中的重要参考依据。检查就是保证实施的正确执行，避免出现连续性重大异常，检查也是对计划实施情况的监测，避免出现重大偏差。标准化则是纠正偏差的重要环节，标准化对于公司而言具有两个看的见的优势，一是标准化可以减少不必要的浪费（工作方法或人力），另一则是可以为公司所有人员提供借鉴，减少因人员流动而产生的损失，即所谓的经验积累。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环一般应包括四阶段八步骤，通过上面的叙述，四阶段已经进行了简短的介绍，而八步骤则是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环贯彻执行的重要原则。八阶段以一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环为准分成以下八个步骤，即：发现问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">分析原因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">找出原因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">制定措施</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">执行措施</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">检查结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">总结经验、纳入标准</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">遗留问题，纳入下期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">通过以上四阶段八步骤的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环工作，一项计划的实施及标准化已经完成，而在完成此项工作必然会用到许多方法及工具，下面再简单介绍在四阶段实施过程中可能用到质量工具或工作方法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 48pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><font size="3">1.</font><span style="FONT: 7pt '';"> </span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Plan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">（计划、策划），其质量工具有排列图法，直方图法，控制图，工序能力分析，因果图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">鱼骨图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">法，关联图法，排列图法，实验设计（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">DOE</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">），目标管理法等工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 48pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><font size="3">2.</font><span style="FONT: 7pt '';"> </span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Do</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">（实施），可能使用的质量工具有：折线图，雷达图，过程能力控制（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">SPC</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">），检查表，系统图，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">IE</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">改善等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 48pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><font size="3">3.</font><span style="FONT: 7pt '';"> </span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Check</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">（检查、测量），本节段可能使用的质量工具有排列图法，控制图，检查表，抽样检验，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">MSA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">等方法及工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 48pt; TEXT-INDENT: -30pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><font size="3">4.</font><span style="FONT: 7pt '';"> </span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Action</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">（标准化），标准化则是根据以上工具制定标准化的操作程序及控制范围，进行制度化、规范化并推广到实际工作中，而对未完成的工作规划到下一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">之所以在质量管理体系中有着极其重要的作用，是因其的实用性、易操作性和促进持续</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">改进的作用，同时也为我们因无标准开展工作不到位提供了必要的技术支持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环实施中可能还会发现许多问题，我们应在不影响此次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">PDCA</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">循环的情况下，能纳入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 標楷體;">本次循环的尽量纳入本次循环，不然会产生较多问题而致于在下一次循环开始时工作开展不太顺利。当然，本期累计未完成工作应在下一循环中进行解决。</span></font></p>
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