wolf19831029 发表于 2010-6-22 23:24:32

[转帖]一直以来伴随我的一些学习习惯(一):学习与思考

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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>一直以来伴随我的一些学习习惯</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>:学习与思考</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><font size="4">刘未鹏</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font size="4">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">1. Google&amp;Wiki</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>(遇到问题做的第一件事情,也是学习某个东西做功课(</span><span lang="EN-US">homework</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>)最先用到的东西。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">2. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>看书挑剔,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">只看经典</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>。如何选择经典,可以到网上做做功课,看看评价,综合分析一下。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">3. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>做读书笔记。一是将自己阅读的时候的思考(包括闪念)总结下来,二是将书中的好例子摘抄下来。(这个习惯是一年前才养成的,发现受益极大。)有了</span><span lang="EN-US">google note</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>,笔记可以加上</span><span lang="EN-US">tag</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>,非常便于回顾,加深理解。我觉得,人与人学习的差距不在资质上,而在花在思考的时间和思考的深度上(后两者常常也是相关的)。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">4. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>提到思考,我有一个小习惯。利用走路和吃饭的时候思考,还有睡觉前必然要弄一个问题放在脑子里面,在思考中迷糊入睡。发现这样一来往往在不知不觉中多出来大量的思考时间。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">a. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>将思考成为习惯还有一个很大的好处</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>避免焦虑。卡耐基用</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">一整本书</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>讲了一个有效的做法来避免焦虑</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>底线思考。然而实际上还有另一个有效的做法,就是投入地做另一件事情。不去想</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>喜马拉雅山上的猴子</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>的方法并不是使劲的告诉自己不去想</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>喜马拉雅山上的猴子</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>,因为那样等于就是脑袋里想了那只猴子,正确的做法是真的不去想那猴子,而是想别的。用别的东西充满工作记忆,其他的神经活动自然会被抑制(神经科学基本事实)。所以,感到焦虑的时候不妨思考吧,甚至完全可以去理性分析和思考导致焦虑的问题本身,将其拆解,分析来源,在不知不觉中,大脑的工作重心就从情绪模块转向了推理模块了,而且这思考也可能顺带更有效地解决了导致焦虑的问题呢</span><span lang="EN-US">:)</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">5. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>重要的事情优先(详见史蒂芬</span><span lang="EN-US">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>柯维的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">《高效能人士的七个习惯》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>或</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">《要事优先》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>)。尽量避免琐事骚扰,不重要的事情能不做就不做。有时候,紧急的事情往往只是当事人觉得必须马上做完才显得紧急或者干脆就是紧他人之急,最糟糕的就是纯属性格上原因觉得每件事情都得第一时间完成,很多看上去紧急的事情实际上并不是真的</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>不能再拖了</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>,有的干脆就并不需要或值得去做。有很多事情都是可以先放一放甚至完全</span><span lang="EN-US">let go</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>的,否则的话就整天被所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>紧急</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>的事情牵着鼻子走了。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">6. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>重要的事情营造比较大的时间块来完成。比如一本好书,或者一个重要的知识点,最好不要切得太琐碎了看,否则看了后面忘了前面。不利于知识的组织</span><span lang="EN-US">&amp;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>联系。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">7. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>多看</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">心理学</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>与</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;><span lang="EN-US">思维</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>的书,因为它们是跨学科的。知识分两种,一是我们通常所谓的知识,即领域知识。二是关于我们的大脑吸收知识的机制的知识,后者不妨称为元知识。虽说这也是领域知识,但跟其它的领域知识不同的是,它指导着我们学习其它所有的领域知识。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">8. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>学习一项知识,必须问自己三个重要问题:</span><span lang="EN-US">1. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>它的本质是什么。</span><span lang="EN-US">2. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>它的第一原则是什么。</span><span lang="EN-US">3. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>它的知识结构是怎样的。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">9. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>获得的多少并不取决于读了多少,而取决于思考了多少、多深。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">10. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>善于利用小块时间,也就是《奇特的一生》中所说的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>时间下脚料</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? new="New" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?;>,如何利用前面有几个方法。同时,也善于创造整块时间(如通过要事优先)。</span></font></p>
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wolf19831029 发表于 2010-6-22 23:24:43

<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">11. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>关于习惯的养成,必须要说明的:经常看到有些人评论说,说说容易,做起来哪有那么容易啊(另一个无关习惯的</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>说起来容易做起来难</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>则是因为纸上谈兵不可能算计到所有现实中的因素,但那是另一个问题)。对此我要说的是,做起来当然不容易,所谓江山易改,本性难移。人的性格和认识事物的框架是长期积累养成的,并且人们非常珍视自己的信念(英语里面表达不相信某个东西叫做</span><span lang="EN-US">“I don’t buy it”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>)。从进化心理学上这是有依据的,一个经过时间检验的信念往往是更靠谱的。只不过可惜的是靠谱不代表最佳,一个信念能让你活下来并不代表能让你活得最好(详见</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">《</span></span>Mene Genes<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>,更多的例子参见</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">《</span></span>How we know what isn’t so<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>)。我们评判一个信念的标准是</span><span lang="EN-US">satisficing</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>原则(即足够,能行就好,这个术语不是我提的,是大牛</span><span lang="EN-US">Herbert Simon</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>提的),并不是</span><span lang="EN-US">optimizing</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>原则。话说回来,为什么说起来容易做起来难,是因为</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>说</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>只是理性上承认正确,并没有考虑到我们每个人大脑中居住的那个非理性自我。这个</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">自我</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>以强大的情绪力量为动机,以习惯为己任,每时每刻都</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">驱使着</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>我们的行为。因为它掌握了</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>情绪</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>这个武器,所以我们只能时时拿它当大爷。不记得是哪位哲学家说的了,理性是感性的奴隶。那么,是不是就是说无法克服既有习惯了?以我的经验(以及观察到的别人的经验),还是可以的。第一条就是认识到习惯的改变绝不是一天两天的事情,承认它的难度。第二条就是如果你真想改掉习惯,就需要在过程中常常注意观察自己的行为,否则习惯会以一种你根本觉察不到的方式左右你的行为让你功亏一篑。有一个认知技巧也许可以缓解更改习惯过程中的不适:即把居住在内心的那个非理性自我当成你自己的孩子(你要去培养他),或者你的对手(你要去打败他)也行。总之不能当成自己,因为每个人都不想改变自己。这里转一个认知技巧的例子:李笑来老师在</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">《把时间当作朋友》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>(顺便也推荐这本开放电子书)中</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">提到</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>他一个朋友用另一个认知技巧来克服背单词的枯燥的:</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>因为,一共要搞定</span><span lang="EN-US">20,000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>个单词,而因此可能获得的奖学金是每年</span><span lang="EN-US">40,000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>美元左右</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>并且连续四年没有失业可能(后来的事实是,他直到五年之后才获得了博士学位)。当时的美元兑换人民币的汇率差不多是</span><span lang="EN-US">8:1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>,所以,大约应该相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">320,000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>元人民币。而如果一年的税后收入是</span><span lang="EN-US">320,000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>元人民币的话,那么税前就要赚取差不多</span><span lang="EN-US">400,000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>元人民币。那么,每个单词应该大约值</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>元人民币</span><span lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>这还只不过是这算了一年的收入而已。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>所以,他终于明白背单词是非常快乐的。他每天都强迫自己背下</span><span lang="EN-US">200</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>个单词。而到了晚上验收效果的时候,每在确定记住了的单词前面画上一个勾的时候,他就要想象一下刚刚数过一张</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>元人民币的钞票。每天睡觉的时候总感觉心满意足,因为今天又赚了</span><span lang="EN-US">4000</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>块!</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>注意,这跟自我欺骗不同。一来,我们的情绪系统只能这般对付(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">《</span></span>Synaptic Self<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times><span lang="EN-US">》</span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>中提到,大脑中的新皮层(</span><span lang="EN-US">neocortex</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>,所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>理性</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>居住的地方,尤其是前额叶)在进化历史上是较为新近的年代才进化出来的,跟底层较原始的模块(如主管情绪的杏仁核)之间的神经网络沟通并不是合作无间,这就解释了为什么有些事情我们明明知道是对的,但就是不能说服自己,情绪还是在那里不依不挠的驱使你去做另一样事情)。二来,我们知道在干什么,所以不能算欺骗</span><span lang="EN-US">:P </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>总之,对于习惯的更改,除了最重要的一日三省,加上一些认知技巧(其实每个人都是自己的心理学家,你可以自己看看能不能想出什么法子)。其实是没有什么速效银弹的。但是,知难而不退嘛,值得做的事情几乎总是如此</span><span lang="EN-US">:)</span></font></p>

infan 发表于 2010-6-23 17:50:05

昊御会所 发表于 2010-6-23 20:18:41

呵呵

youqizz 发表于 2010-6-24 09:53:01

<p>很不错,关于习惯的培养,记得在家园某个帖子上看到过,科学的结论是一个习惯的养成需要坚持66次。</p>
<p>想努力尝试一下,坚持66天学习英语。</p>

amenda78 发表于 2010-6-26 22:49:04

<p><font size="4"></font></p>
<p><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">4. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>提到思考,我有一个小习惯。利用走路和吃饭的时候思考,还有睡觉前必然要弄一个问题放在脑子里面,在思考中迷糊入睡。发现这样一来往往在不知不觉中多出来大量的思考时间。</span></font><br/>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font size="4">7. 多看心理学与思维的书,因为它们是跨学科的。知识分两种,一是我们通常所谓的知识,即领域知识。二是关于我们的大脑吸收知识的机制的知识,后者不妨称为元知识。虽说这也是领域知识,但跟其它的领域知识不同的是,它指导着我们学习其它所有的领域知识。</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">8. 学习一项知识,必须问自己三个重要问题:1. 它的本质是什么。2. 它的第一原则是什么。3. 它的知识结构是怎样的。</font></p><br/>
<p><font size="4">9. 获得的多少并不取决于读了多少,而取决于思考了多少、多深。</font></p>
<p><font size="4"></font>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US">11. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>关于习惯的养成,第一条就是认识到习惯的改变绝不是一天两天的事情,承认它的难度。第二条就是如果你真想改掉习惯,就需要在过程中常常注意观察自己的行为,否则习惯会以一种你根本觉察不到的方式左右你的行为让你功亏一篑。有一个认知技巧也许可以缓解更改习惯过程中的不适:即把居住在内心的那个非理性自我当成你自己的孩子(你要去培养他),或者你的对手(你要去打败他)也行。总之不能当成自己,因为每个人都不想改变自己。</span></font></p>
<p><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times></span></font>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>--------------------</span></font></p>
<p><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>我也做一下阅读摘录,:-)</span></font></p>
<p><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times></span></font>&nbsp;</p>
<p><font size="4"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" New?&nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?; new="New" &nbsp;&nbsp;Roman?? mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times>谢谢楼主的分享,请继续更新</span></font></p><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2010-6-26 22:49:46编辑过]

lxalzy 发表于 2010-6-27 18:52:34

之前看过,也实行过,不过又忘了,可能忘了也是一个过程,继续努力!

markwhai 发表于 2010-6-29 15:00:39

up

johnwin 发表于 2010-6-29 22:47:15

<p>呵呵,好</p>

kittycaffy 发表于 2010-11-19 23:30:51

这种背单词的强迫方式真是太神奇了
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