在不确定性中引领前行(一)
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{page:Sect</style><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">这就是资本主义的未来,这种局面却是我们所有人都始料不及的。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年秋季,信贷市场以令人目瞪口呆的速度停止了正常运作,世界各国的政府纷纷开始将金融体系国有化,并且考虑向其他陷入危机的行业提供救助;而美国的主要的独立投资银行不是销声匿迹,就是变成了银行控股企业。与此同时,币值、油价和其他商品的价格一落千丈,西班牙、英国、美国等国家的房价也持续走低。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style="display: none;">/MIl a$| w7a</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">正当消费者捂紧钱袋、全球经济放缓之际,企业的高管们也面临着一个他们当中大多数人从未经历过的更加不确定的商业环境。不确定性所涉及的不仅是经济衰退持续的时间和深度</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">这些当然也是我们尚不了解的大问题;而且还涉及全球经济秩序的未来</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">直到最近,全球的资本和贸易还呈现出一派自由流动的景象,经济联系也日益加深,而如今,未来的走向已经变得一片模糊。就在几个月前,全球经济体系似乎还只是面临一些外部因素的困扰,如气候变化、恐怖主义和战争等等。但现在,我们每天都会听到一些让我们心中惴惴不安的新闻,这个体系本身能够熬过这一劫吗?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">克服令所有企业难有作为的难题,着手打造未来,是企业领导者义不容辞的责任。他们可以从观察了解企业所处的行业和周围的经济环境入手,并对所掌握的信息进行评估,掌握了这些情况才有可能提出所需的战略变革建议。但即便到了此时,不确定性仍然大量存在,而政府未来要采取何种措施,以及全球实体经济与金融体系之间如何相互作用,更是令人难以捉摸。所有这些因素将共同决定我们所要面对的究竟只是几个季度的不景气,还是严重的全球性衰退,抑或是这两种极端之间的某种情况。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">如此严重的不确定性,会让一些领导者在茫茫迷雾中丧失方向。为了避免莽撞、缺乏协调及其最终所导致的反应低效,企业必须对纷繁多样的宏观经济结果和反应策略进行评估,然后,做出反应,使自身变得更加灵活、敏锐和富有活力。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">;yx;`?Y,U/g</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
<span style="display: none;">17HR </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">bi4q2_<br style="" clear="all">
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">通过加强这些组织要素,企业不仅可以生存下来,还能够抓住难得的机会,在充满不确定性的时期崛起。正是在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">世纪</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年代的经济衰退期,洛克菲勒和卡内基分别利用了石油精炼和钢铁冶炼方面的新技术,向竞争对手的弱点发起冲击,登上了新兴的石油和钢铁行业霸主的宝座。一个世纪后,同样是在经济困难时期,沃伦</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"> •</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">巴菲特令一家名叫</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"> Berkshire
Hathaway </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">的纺织品公司起死回生,并将它转型为有众多投资的基金源。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br style="">
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">目前,推动全球经济的金融动力颇有些运转不灵。要扭转这种局面,并不像打开电器开关那样简单,因为各国的中央银行已经为此尝试过各种方法,包括提高市场流动性、提供债务担保和向银行注资,等等。我们必须对体系本身进行大修,这将需要在全球范围内采取协调一致的行动。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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W</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">我们所说的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">体系</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">是指全球资本市场。自从</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">世纪</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年代布雷顿森林协定崩溃以来,这个市场的发展已超过了</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">35</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年。全球资本市场并非出自人为的设计,但它通过支持国际资本和贸易的自由流动来推动全球化和促进增长,一直以来都在为人类的福祉做着贡献。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年的金融危机严重破坏了这个有用的体系。由于贪婪、大意和无知,全球资本市场的参与者们滥用了这套体系,直至损坏了其中的一些基本机制。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
<span style="display: none;">-V z#Q6Q h</span> <span style="display: none;">17HR </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">#hap6T‑r7C}<span style=""><!---->
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">由此造成的影响可谓深远。最明显的一点是,陷入停滞的全球资本市场正在使美国国内的信贷危机愈演愈烈。这场危机已经蔓延到全球,欧洲受到的打击尤为沉重。最近,银行一直在千方百计地吸收存款,用来替补其他资金来源,如直接发行的商业票据、中期票据、资产抵押票据等。为了给现有的贷款融资,寻找存款是必需的。借贷者也需要更大量的存款,因为,除了银行等实力最雄厚的借贷者外,它们几乎全都无法利用证券市场融资。特别值得注意的是,美国政府一直在积极地尝试解决这一问题,为此推出了各种旨在大幅度提高流动性的计划,如收购抵押贷款证券和其他资产抵押证券。但是,在减轻信贷紧缩的影响方面,这些努力的成效如何还有待观察。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style="display: none;">9HO9k‑nISX</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">全球资本市场危机使跨境投资和贸易出现了逆向流动,从而使得这场信贷紧缩更趋恶化。一美元的资本必须为每一美元的贸易提供融资服务,全球资本市场正是这样促进了商品和服务的国际交流。全球资本市场为知识产权、人才、品牌和网络的跨境投资提供了便利,这帮助经济体和企业的增长和盈利,它也使进行此类投资的企业都收获了利润。简而言之,只有拥有繁荣的全球资本市场,才能够顺利实现全球一体化和增长。不过,全球资本市场已经承受了况日持久的沉重打击,即使各国领导人做出了必要的长期调整,余波仍然要到多年之后才会消退。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">D"DF2NM ~ M7Rd</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">自</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">月以来,各国政府极大地扩展了自己在金融市场上的职能范围。决策者们已经做出了巨大的努力,去稳定国际金融市场,避免经济陷入衰退的深渊,并为一些企业提供救援支持,因为这些企业一旦破产,风险会波及整个体系。我们预计,为了负担这些举措并重新加强对金融体系和许多其他行业的监管,政府将提高税率。简而言之,政府将以巨大的力度干预金融业,其干预程度在不久之前还是难以想像的。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">TFsH9B</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style="display: none;">7w-H XW3O&qp</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">但这还不是问题的全部。在有关政策辩论中,保护主义和民族主义可能会更明显地凸显出来。我们不仅会看到旧式民粹主义对企业、管理层高薪和裁员喷出的怒火,而且也会目睹威权式民粹主义运动的兴起。原本就已久拖不决的贸易谈判将面临进一步的阻力。虽然加强全球协作已经成为当务之急,但各国国内的政治压力将使实现这一愿望变得困难重重。尽管这一切会制约某些商业活动,但同时也将为依赖于公共和私营部门协作的新的大胆举动提供契机。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">在过去几年中,人们以极低的成本就能获得信贷,然而,这种好事在未来很长一段时间内可能都不会再有。对许多家庭而言,这意味着减少消费和推迟退休;对金融机构</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">越来越多的银行控股企业</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">而言,这意味着更高的资本要求、更小的运营和创新空间以及更低的盈利能力;对于政府,用于医疗、教育、养老金、基础设施、环境保护和安全的资源将更加捉襟见肘;至于企业,资本将扮演与以往不同的角色。从更大的范围来看,由于许多公司最近几年的高回报和高速增长建立在低成本信贷的基础上,因此,去杠杆化就意味着,它们必须大幅调低对于获利能力、经济增长和股东回报的基准期望值。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
<span style="display: none;">k9a qER T</span> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">新的商业模式和行业重组</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style="display: none;">8tW9kZg‑Py#MU%l</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">涉足资本市场的企业将遭遇对风险容忍度较低的出资方,面临对冲能力下降和不稳定性增大的困境。受到最沉重打击的,是那些以高杠杆率、消费信贷、大量客户融资业务或大量周转资金为前提的商业模式。如果企业生产周期过长或不灵活,或者需要超长期投资,它们会发现管理自己的资金显得格外困难。有些企业将难以幸存,行业将进行重组。企业的领导者们已经意识到了这一点:在美国总统大选揭晓后的第二天,《麦肯锡季刊》对企业高管进行了一次调查,其中</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">54%</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">的受访者预计,自己所在的行业将出现整合。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">%cO J*Eh-v:b</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style="display: none;">4m@2{4[&} T</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">不过,还有很多问题是我们目前不知道,而且在未来一段时间内也无法弄清楚的:各国政府是否能紧密合作以制定有效的监管、贸易、财政和货币政策;这些政策对于全球资本市场的长期健康运行将有什么影响;在政府经济职能、金融杠杆和商业模式等方面,健全或薄弱的全球资本市场会对改革的速度和力度有何影响;以及所有这一切对于全球化和经济增长的意义。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">虽然这些问题很难在短期甚至中期找到答案,但我们在近期将要做出的决策却至关重要,它们将影响企业目前对自身的管理成效以及更长时间内的竞争力。企业只有如实地对各种可能出现的情景加以评估,考虑各种情景的潜在影响,并进行相应的准备,才能透过种种复杂性、混乱性和不确定性,做出深思熟虑的选择,在全球经济的寒冬里生存下去。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">具体而言,企业必须广泛地考虑各种可能性。即使在较为正常的时期,大多数企业在考虑结果时视野还是太窄。在编制预算和规划业务时,采用的假设往往只是对基准预测稍作修改,而这些预测本身的假设通常模糊不清。许多这样的预算和计划很快就会被各种事件淹没。在经济景气时期,这影响不大,因为企业都在不断地适应环境,而预算通常基于一些较为保守的假设,所以,管理者们可以取得超出预定数字的成绩。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">为了透彻地研究这些情况,请参考一项研究的部分成果。这项研究的重点是此次金融风暴的中心</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">美国。结果显示,如果资本市场迅速反弹,未来两年的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"> GDP </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">增长率与原先的增长趋势相比将仅仅下降</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">2.9</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">个百分点。如果像中间的两种情景设想的那样,金融市场的复苏需要较长时间,则美国的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"> GDP </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">增长率较同期原有趋势将下降</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">4.7~6.7</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">个百分点。最后一种情景是</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">长期停顿</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">,例如,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">失落的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">使日本的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"> GDP </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">增长率较原有趋势降低了</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">个百分点。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US"> yr)R-\@f<span style=""><!----><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US"></span><!----></span>F^</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">在最乐观的情景中,政府的行动重新唤醒了全球信贷体系:由于采取了大量一揽子刺激措施和积极的货币政策,使全球衰退不至于成为漫漫长夜或造成非常深重的影响。全球化始终保持在原有的轨道上:随着信心的迅速回升,贸易和资本恢复了快速流动,发达经济体和新兴经济体也将继续向一体化迈进。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">,j MNy^ j?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">在第二种情景中,政府花了至少</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">个月在全球信贷和资本市场中改进自己的工作,但全球经济衰退的影响令政府的努力化为乌有,这进一步扩大了信贷损失,使跨境交易方彼此间的不信任感日益加重。不过,虽然这次经济衰退持续时间之长、影响之深是过去</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">70</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年中从未有过的,但政府采取的行动还是收到了成效,全球资本和信贷市场也在逐步复苏。虽然多少有点摇摆不定,但全球的信心的确在回升,贸易和资本流动也在逐步恢复生机。全球化慢慢回到了正轨。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<span style=""> </span><span style="display: none;">5`M+`)MH</span> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">在第三种情景中,全球经济陷入了严重衰退,但各国受到影响的程度有很大差异。尤其值得一提的是,中国和美国都表现出了令人惊异的弹性。但是,由于交易的各方中持续存在的恐慌心理,全球资本市场的一体化程度有所降低,而世界经济一体化的进程也随之停滞不前。贸易流动和资本流动首先出现下滑,然后进入停滞期。监管机制维系着整个体系的完整性,但许多国家的政府对借贷和风险进行了过于严格的监管,因此,世界的银行体系变得</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">过分安全</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">。信贷成本高居不下且人们很难获得贷款。随着各国的态度越来越倾向保守主义和民族主义,增长相对缓慢。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">*k+m0jn.r)?<br style="" clear="all">
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<span style="display: none;">5a_['wdMT ? }$E:z</span> <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">在最后一种情景中,由于监管、财政和货币政策都收效甚微,致使全球经济衰退持续长达</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年以上,与日本在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">世纪</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年代的遭遇类似。每个国家的经济都在原地踏步;过度监管和恐慌心理造成了全球信贷和资本市场的长期关闭。全球化进程出现逆转,各国的心态日益向保守主义和民族主义靠拢,使贸易和资本流动长年呈现下降趋势。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">17HR </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;">人力资源网</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: none;" lang="EN-US">'D0l<span style=""><!---->
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<span style=""> </span>2008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">年秋季,当信贷市场的大门关闭时,大多数企业立即做出了反应:削减不必要的支出、放慢投资速度、积极管理现金流、裁减员工、扩大融资来源,并且通过降低股息、筹措股本等措施来获得资金。尽管企业的态度十分谨慎,但这些行动可能无法实现分析师预期的短期收益,至少对于大多数企业是如此。实际上,现在它们应该抛弃幻想,不再对能可靠地实现预期收益抱以过高的期望。企业如今的目标不再是取得满意的季度业绩,而是要确保自身能够长期生存并健康运转。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="EN-US"><br>
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