[转帖]专门替中国人写的英语语法(第二章至十三章)
<p>专门替中国人写的英语语法(第一章)反响还不错，这里继续发布第二章。</p><p>第二章 现在式和现在进行式 <br/>2§1 现在式 <br/>英文中，现在式（present tense）好像是最容易的，其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。 <br/>首先，我们不妨举一个例子来说明我们对现在式惯有的误解，假设我们要说〝我在吃午饭〞，这总该用现在式了吧。很多人将这句话翻成 <br/>I eat lunch. <br/>这就错了，因为〝I eat lunch.〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午饭〞，而是〝我有吃午饭的习惯〞，意思是说，有人中午不吃午饭（可能是在减肥），我可是每天中午都会吃午饭的。 <br/>〝我在吃午饭〞，应该要用现在进行式，这是我们以后会谈的。 <br/>现在式不是指任何一个行为，而是一种状况。举例来说，以下几句话都应该用现在式： <br/>我是一个学生 I am a student. <br/>他是一个老师 He is a teacher. <br/>他每天游泳 He swims every day. <br/>汤姆勤奋工作 Tom works hard <br/>他早起 He gets up early. <br/>玛莉喜欢看电影 Mary loves watching movies. <br/>这里常常下雨 It rains often here. <br/>我每天喝一杯牛奶 I drink a glass of milk every day. <br/>我是中国人 I am a Chinese. <br/>他会讲英文 He speaks English. <br/>他有喝茶的习惯 He drinks tea. <br/>我骑脚踏车上学 I ride a bicycle to school. <br/>他搭乘公车上班 He rides a bus to go to work. <br/>我不喜欢你 I do not like you. <br/>他爱他的太太 He loves his wife. <br/>他守法 He obeys the law. <br/>我不喜欢莎士比亚 I do not like Shakespeare. <br/>他不抽烟 He does not smoke. <br/>他喝酒 He drinks. <br/>他唱歌唱得很好 He sings well. <br/>他跳舞跳得很好 He dances well. <br/>他不会游泳 He can not swim. <br/>他不是一个好学生 He is not a good student. <br/>他们都很懒 They are all very lazy. <br/>凡是真理，自然界的现象，数学里的定理，都要用现在式： <br/>太阳从东方升起 The sun rises in the east. <br/>地球是圆的 The earth is round. <br/>月亮是地球的一个卫星 The moon is a satellite of the earth. <br/>美国是一个大的国家 America is a large ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>在北极的夏天，太阳永不落下 The sun never sets at the North Pole in summer. <br/>树叶吸收二氧化碳 Tree leaves absorb CO2 . <br/>计算机的基本原理是布尔代数 The basic principle of computers is Boolean algebra <br/>二点决定一线 Two points define a line. <br/>三点决定一平面 Three points define a plane. <br/>三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝 Three of the basic colors are red, yellow and blue. <br/>【练习二】 <br/>将以下中文句子翻成英文，都用现在式。 <br/>1.他是一个好学生。 <br/>2.我的哥哥17岁。 <br/>3.我弟弟每天游泳。 <br/>4.他们都喜欢音乐。 <br/>5.他们现在在日本。 <br/>6.喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。 <br/>7.亚马孙河是全世界最长的。 <br/>8.他的爸爸是位老师。 <br/>9.我们都喜欢中国菜。 <br/>10.他不喜欢冰淇淋。 <br/>11.我爱你。 <br/>12.每个人都怕蛇。 <br/>13.每个人都喜欢狗。 <br/>14.今天真冷。 <br/>2§2 现在进行式 <br/>假如我们正在做一件事，是不能用现在式的，而必须用现在进行式，现在进行式的形态是： <br/>verb to be + present participle（现在分词） <br/>verb to be 大家都懂，什么叫做现在分词呢？现在分词就是 <br/>动词＋ing <br/>以下是现在分词的例子 <br/>动词 现在分词 <br/>work working <br/>go going <br/>read reading <br/>run running <br/>play playing <br/>swim swimming <br/>sing singing <br/>write writing <br/>eat eating <br/>walk walking <br/>come coming <br/>love loving <br/>like liking <br/>watch watching <br/>smoke smoking <br/> <br/>如果我们说 <br/>I am watching a movie. <br/>那是指我现在正在看电影，这和 <br/>I watch movies. <br/>意义上截然不同的，I watch movies是说我有看电影的习惯。 <br/>因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的，举例来说 <br/>I am loving you. <br/>是不通的，因为严格说起来，love是一种状态，而不是一个动作。现在进行式，都是指动作，很少指状态的。 <br/>以下是现在进行式的例子： <br/>I am calling my father. <br/>He is swimming now. <br/>He is playing basketball. <br/>They are all eating now. <br/>He is walking in the woods now. <br/>He is reading a detective novel. <br/>Mr. Brown is driving to work. <br/>Mrs. Brown is cooking. <br/>It is raining now. <br/>【练习三】 <br/>将以下句子译成英文，都用现在进行式： <br/>1.他在看电影。 <br/>2.我在游泳。 <br/>3.她在和她妈妈打电话。 <br/>4.他的哥哥在散步。 <br/>5.我现在正在吃饭。 <br/>6.我们在唱歌。 <br/>7.他在弹钢琴。 <br/>8.他在看一本小说。 <br/>9.我在写一封信。 <br/>10.他在跑步。 <br/>【练习四】 <br/>将下列句子译成英文，有的用现在式，有的用现在进行式： <br/>1.我爱你。 <br/>2.我正在吃饭。 <br/>3.他不是一个学生。 <br/>4.我是一个老师。 <br/>5.他正在唱歌。 <br/>6.他在游泳。 <br/>7.他喜欢游泳。 <br/>8.他会唱歌。 <br/>9.他正在唱歌。 <br/>10.他的爸爸是一个医生。 <br/>11.他的爸爸在美国。 <br/>12.我正在洗澡。 <br/>13.他正在睡觉。 <br/>14.你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。 <br/>15.你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。 <br/></p>[此贴子已经被作者于2008-11-7 13:56:07编辑过] <p>专门替中国人写的英语语法(第三章)</p><p>第三章 过去式和过去进行式 <br/>3§1 过去式 <br/>过去式是指过去所发生的事，举例来说，假如我昨天去看了一场电影，我就可以说 <br/>I went to see a movie yesterday. <br/>以下全部是正确的句子： <br/>I saw your father last night. <br/>I met your son last month. <br/>I ate three apples this morning. <br/>He went to church to pray last night. <br/>可是，我们必须非常小心，因为一不小心，我们就可能犯了大错，我们如果要向情侣表示爱情，当然说 <br/>I love you. <br/>如果我们说 <br/>I loved you. <br/>事情就可能闹大了，因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你，可是现在已经不爱了。〝I loved you〞等于是〝I loved you before. But I do not love you now.〞 <br/>假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说 <br/>He was a good boy. <br/>那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了，变成了一个不乖的孩子，或者他已经死了。 <br/>英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。有一次，有一个母亲，向警察报案，说她的女儿失踪了，她在记者面前，声泪俱下地说 <br/>She was such a nice girl. <br/>警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题，因为她不该用过去式的，用了过去式，表示女儿已经死了，可是母亲不是说她失踪了吗？为什么她用过去式，极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了，才脱口而出，用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲本人就是凶手，事实也果真如此：这位母亲打自己的女儿，出手太重，将女儿打死了，谎报女儿失踪，她用了过去式，使警察知道她有问题。整个案子的侦破，就在于过去式。 <br/>我们因此不能轻易用过去式，但我们也千万要注意，该用过去式的时候，一定要用过去式，以下句子都是错的： <br/>＊I go to school yesterday. <br/>＊I see a movie last night. <br/>＊My mother comes to see me last month. <br/>＊I eat three apples this morning. <br/>＊He is happy yesterday. <br/>以上句子的正确写法是： <br/>I went to school yesterday. <br/>I saw a movie last night. <br/>My mother came to see me last month. <br/>I ate three apples this morning. <br/>He was happy yesterday. <br/>【练习五】 <br/>将以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用过去式： <br/>1.我昨天参加了一个舞会。 <br/>2.他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。 <br/>3.我去年到美国去。 <br/>4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。 <br/>5.我写了一封信给你。 <br/>6.我今晨吃了一个蛋。 <br/>7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。 <br/>8.我们昨天跑了五千公尺。 <br/>9.他昨夜非常疲倦。 <br/>10.他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。 <br/>【练习六】 <br/>将下列的句子译成英文句子，有的用现在式，有的用过去式： <br/>1.他是一个强壮的男孩。 <br/>2.他昨天生病了。 <br/>3.他每天吃一个苹果。 <br/>4.他昨天吃了三个苹果。 <br/>5.我喜欢看电影。 <br/>6.我是个快乐的人。 <br/>7.昨天我看了两场电影。 <br/>8.他昨天寄了一封信给你。 <br/>9.他常常抽烟。 <br/>10.我每天读圣经。 <br/>11.他昨天没有念圣经。 <br/>12.他昨天没有游泳。 <br/>【练习七】 <br/>将以下句子译成英文，用现在式，现在进行式或过去式： <br/>1.他在打篮球。 <br/>2.他喜欢打篮球。 <br/>3.他昨天打篮球。 <br/>4.他每天骑脚踏车上学。 <br/>5.他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。 <br/>6.我喜欢唱歌。 <br/>7.他正在唱歌。 <br/>8.你的爸爸昨天来看我。 <br/>9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。 <br/>10.他的弟弟是个好孩子。 <br/>11.他去年非常虚弱。 <br/>12.他正在打电话。 <br/>13.他每天都努力工作（work hard）。 <br/>14.你的弟弟喜欢游泳。 <br/>15.他过去是个好学生。 <br/>3§2 过去进行式 <br/>过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是verb to be要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去进行式，很少单独用的，而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子： <br/>我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是 <br/>You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday. <br/>以下是典型的过去进行式用法 <br/>I was taking a bath when you called. <br/>I was watching TV when you came to see me. <br/>They were dancing when the teacher came in. <br/>They were singing in the station when the train arrived. <br/>Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home. <br/>总而言之，过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事，这两件事同时发生，其中一件事用过去式，另一件事用过去进行式 <br/>【练习八】 <br/>将以下句子译成英文，其中一部份使用过去进行式： <br/>1.他昨天到学校去的时候，天在下雨。 <br/>2.当火车停下的时候，他在看报（read newspaper）。 <br/>3.当火车进站的时候，他们在唱歌。 <br/>4.我昨天去他家的时候，他在和他爸爸打电话。 <br/>5.昨天晚上八点钟，我在家看电视。 <br/>6.当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候，我正在刷牙（brush my teeth）。 <br/>7.当我昨晚打电话给他时，他在游泳。 <br/>8.当这猫走进来的时候，那只狗在睡觉。 <br/>9.当他弟弟回家的时候，他在拉小提琴。 <br/>10.当我爸爸回家的时候，我妈妈在烧饭。 <br/>【练习九】 <br/>填充 <br/>1. I （be） a ｃｈｒistian. <br/>2. He （be） a Catholic when he was a child. <br/>3. I （go） to see my mother yesterday. <br/>4. I （like） to play piano. <br/>5. He （eat） now. <br/>6. It （rain） now. <br/>7. He （walk） to school every day. <br/>8. He （walk） now. <br/>9. He （be） a good boy. <br/>10. He （swim） when I called him. <br/>11. He （go） to see his mother yesterday. <br/>12. I （take） a bath when my mother called me. <br/>13. I （like） to swim. <br/>14. I （like） to swim when I was young. Now, I don’t because I am too old. <br/>15. It （rain） now. <br/>16. It （rain） when I drove to work yesterday. <br/>17. It （rain） last night. <br/>18. It （rain）very often here. <br/>19. He （read） a book when I went to see him yesterday. <br/>20. I （be） a student when I was young. Now I am a teacher. <br/>【练习十】 <br/>改正以下句子的错误 <br/>1. ＊They are driving when I went to see them yesterday. <br/>2. ＊It rained here very often in Taipei. <br/>3. ＊He gives his book to his brother last month. <br/>4. ＊He go to work every morning. <br/>5. ＊He likes to told stories. <br/>6. ＊I like to went to church. <br/>7. ＊The sun sets now. <br/>8. ＊They are play the piano now. <br/>9. ＊I am love you. <br/>10. ＊He were a good student before. <br/>11. ＊He goes to church last Sunday. <br/>12. ＊It rains last night. <br/>13. ＊I am playing when you called. <br/>14. ＊It is raining when I drove to work last night. <br/>15. ＊He do not know me. <br/>16. ＊I were swimming when my mother came. <br/>17. ＊They is singing now. <br/>18. ＊He do not like to swim. <br/>19. ＊He always wear a black coat. <br/>20. ＊He is watch TV now. <br/></p> <p>第四章 完成式（Perfect Tense） <br/>4§1 现在完成式（Present Perfect Tense） <br/>完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle，每一个动词，都有过去式和过去分词，以下就是一些例子： <br/>原式 过去式 过去分词（past participle） <br/>go went gone <br/>come came come <br/>see saw seen <br/>do did done <br/>watch watched watched <br/>get got gotten（或got） <br/>have had had <br/>use used used <br/>buy bought bought <br/>listen listened listened <br/>draw drew drawn <br/>paint painted painted <br/>leave left left <br/>arrive arrived arrived <br/>dance danced danced <br/>kill killed killed <br/>write wrote written <br/>run ran run <br/>swim swam swum <br/>snow snowed snowed <br/>eat ate eaten <br/>love loved loved <br/>fly flew flown <br/>spread spread spread <br/>hit hit hit <br/>drink drank drunk <br/>take took taken <br/>grow grew grown <br/>sell sold sold <br/>ride rode ridden <br/>steal stole stolen <br/>break broke broken <br/>walk walked walked <br/>read read read <br/>sing sang sung <br/>work worked worked <br/>以下的句子都是用了现在完成式： <br/>I have read this book. <br/>I have seen the movie. <br/>I have lived here since 1973. <br/>I have studied English for a long time. <br/>He has washed his hands. <br/>He has left. <br/>He has already completed the report. <br/>The storm has arrived. <br/>I have taken the job. <br/>I have written the letters. <br/>I have not seen him since 1975. <br/>I have never seen this man before. <br/>什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢？ <br/>1. 首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而一直延续到现在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子后面常有since或for。以下是这种情形的例子： <br/>（1）自从1963年，我一直在念英文。<br/>I have studied English since 1963. <br/>（2）自从1975年以后，我就住在这里。<br/>I have lived here since 1975. <br/>（3）自从我是一个小孩子，我就喜欢摇滚乐。<br/>I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child. <br/>（4）自从去年，我就从来没有见过他。<br/>Since last year, I have never seen him. <br/>（5）自从1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。<br/>He has worked here since 1950. <br/>（6）我认识他已经很久了。<br/>I have known him for a long time. <br/>（7）他练习网球已经四年了。<br/>He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years. <br/>（8）我穿这件夹克很久了。<br/>I have worn this jacket for a very long time. <br/>（9）我开这辆汽车很久了。<br/>I have driven this car for a long time. <br/>（10）好久没有下雨了。<br/>It has not rained for a long time. <br/>2.使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说〝我已经写了那封信〞，就可以用现在完成式，或者，你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子： <br/>（1）我已经写了这封信。<br/> I have already written the letter. <br/>（2）他已经完成了工作。<br/>He has already completed the work. <br/>（3）我已经测试了这个程序。<br/>I have already tested the program. <br/>（4）我已经收到了你的信。<br/>I have already received your letter. <br/>（5）他已搬到了一个较大的房子。<br/>He has already moved to a bigger house. <br/>（6）虽然他很年轻，但他已写了三本小说。<br/>Although he is young, he has already written three novels. <br/>（7）我打了二次电话给他，他都没有回答。<br/>I called him twice, he has never answered. <br/>3.现在完成式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、〝我有生以来没有跳过舞〞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如： <br/>（1） 我曾经到过美国。<br/>I have been to America. <br/>（2） 我曾见过李总统。<br/>I have seen President Lee. <br/>（3） 我有生以来没有跳过舞。<br/>I have never danced in my life. <br/>（4） 我看过〝双城记〞。<br/>I have read The Tale of Two Cities. <br/>（5） 他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。<br/>He has tasted this kind of ice cream. <br/>（6） 我未曾见过雪。<br/>I have never seen snow. <br/>（7） 你曾见过雪吗？<br/>Have you ever seen snow? <br/>（8） 你登过玉山吗？<br/>Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？ <br/>4.现在完成式可以用来表示一件过去常发生的事： <br/>（1） 今年我国已有二次台风。<br/>We have already had two typhoons so far this year. <br/>（2） 他今年已发表了三篇论文。<br/>He has already published three papers this year. <br/>（3） 过去一年，我看了三次〝铁达尼号〞。<br/>In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times. <br/>对读者而言，最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用〝过去式〞，而不能用〝现在完成式〞。比方说，〝我曾经看过「铁达尼号」〞，可以用现在完成式，因为这句话没有指明任何特定的时间，假如说，〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞，就一定用过去式，读者不妨看看以下的比较： <br/>（a）I went to America last year.<br/>I have been to America. <br/>（b）I saw The Titanic last year.<br/>I have seen The Titanic twice. <br/>（c）I finished my homework late last night.<br/>I have finally finished my homework. <br/>（d）I studied English when I was a small child.<br/>I have studied English since I was a child. <br/>（e）I went to church yesterday.<br/>I have never been to church. <br/>以下的句子是错的，请特别注意： <br/>＊（1）I have seen the movie last year. <br/>＊（2）I have never been to America last year. <br/>＊（3）He has never finished his work last night. <br/>现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是这类的例子： <br/>（1）I have already had dinner. <br/>（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms. <br/>（3）It has not rained for a long time. <br/>（4）I have never talked to this man before. <br/>（5）I have never met your father. <br/>（6）Have you ever been to America? <br/>（7）He has already won three awards. <br/>（8）I have stayed here since June. <br/>Never 和 ever 也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来， never 有否定的意思，ever则只有在问句中才会出现。 <br/>【练习十一】 <br/>将以下句子译成英文，全部用现在完成式： <br/>1.自从1980年，我就每天早上游泳。 <br/>2.我已收到了你的信。 <br/>3.我从未去过美国。 <br/>4.从他是一个小孩开始，他就是一个基督徒（ｃｈｒistian）。 <br/>5.我见过你的祖父。 <br/>6.你的弟弟一直住在这里。 <br/>7.他学钢琴已经很久了。 <br/>8.我已写了三封信给他，他都没有回。 <br/>9.过去三年我都在开这部车。 <br/>10.自从1975年以来，他一直是一位老师。 <br/>11.他教英文很久了。 <br/>12.我曾经看过乱世佳人（Gone with the Wind）。 <br/>13.我已吃过饭了。 <br/>14.今年我去过海滩三次。 <br/>15.我终其一生都爱你的。 <br/>【练习十二】 <br/>将以下句子译成英文，有的用过去式，有的用现在完成式 <br/>1.昨天我去看〝乱世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。 <br/>2.我从未看过〝乱世佳人〞。 <br/>3.去年，我住在美国。 <br/>4.自从1985年，我就一直住在美国。 <br/>5.他从未去过英国。 <br/>6.他已经完成了报告。 <br/>7.我昨天晚上完成了报告。 <br/>8.昨夜，我见到了你的父亲。 <br/>9.我已经见过你的父亲好几次了。 <br/>10.我终生都住在台中。 <br/>【练习十三】 <br/>填充 <br/>1. I （become） a ｃｈｒistian when I was a child. <br/>2. I （be） a ｃｈｒistian all my life. <br/>3. He （live） here since 1939. <br/>4. Stop eating now. You （eat） too much. <br/>5. It （rain） last night. <br/>6. John is a writer. He （written） thirteen novels. <br/>7. Last night, I （see） your father for the first time in my life. <br/>8. I （talk） to my father last night. <br/>9. Since 1961, I （be） a teacher. Before that, I （be） a student. <br/>10. I （read） many novels written by Charles Dickens. <br/>4§2现在完成进行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense） <br/>在上一节，我们知道，如果有一个行动，从过去发生后，就一直延续到现在，我们可以用现在完成式。举例来说，以下的例子都应该用现在完成式： <br/>（1） 自从1974年，我就在学校学英文。<br/>Since 1974, I have studied English at school. <br/>（2） 自从我大学毕业以后，我就在这里工作。<br/>Since I graduated from college, I have worked here. <br/>以第一句话为例，假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳，而且没有间断，我们可以用现在完成进行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所谓现在完成进行式，形式如下： <br/>verb to have + been + present participle <br/>verb to have 是为了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是为了进行式。 <br/>以下是现在完成进行式的例子： <br/>I have been studying English since 1974. <br/>I have been working here since I graduated from college. <br/>I have been living here since I was a child. <br/>He has been acting like a fool lately.（他最近一直在做傻事） <br/>They have been dancing since seven o’clock. <br/>It has been snowing since yesterday. <br/>I have been taking music lessons since last year. <br/>He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒） <br/>【练习十四】 <br/>将以下的句子译成英文，全部用现在完成进行式： <br/>1. 自从我们是小孩子起，我们就一直努力工作。 <br/>2. 从去年起，他就在念英文。 <br/>3. 从昨天起，就一直在下雨。 <br/>4. 从五时起，他就在做功课（do homework）。 <br/>5. 从三岁起，我就一直住在台中。 <br/>4§3 过去完成进行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense） <br/>过去完成式的形式如下： <br/>had + past participle <br/>过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事件。也就是说，假如我们有两件事 A 和 B，两件事都发生在过去，但 A 发生在 B 以前，A 应该用过去完成式，B 则用过去式。以下是几个例子： <br/>（1） 他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。<br/>He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan. <br/>（2） 他念大学以前，曾前工作过。<br/>He had worked before he decided to go to college. <br/>（3） 我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前，曾去过爱尔兰。<br/>I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people. <br/>（4） 我在上大学以前，已经学过微积分。<br/>I had studied calculus before I got into college. <br/>（5） 周一以前，已经下过雪了。<br/>It had already snowed before Monday. <br/>如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。占去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子： <br/>1. I had been watching TV before you called me. <br/>2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college. <br/>3. He had been studying before he went to class. <br/>4. He had been driving all day before he went to sleep. <br/>【练习十五】 <br/>将以下中文句子译成英文，每一句都要用过去式和过去完成式： <br/>1.我十四岁以前，就曾见过你的母亲。 <br/>2.我1974年以前，曾去过美国。 <br/>3.六年前，他曾念过圣经（the Bible）。 <br/>4.我念大学以前，曾经是个工程师（engineer）。 <br/>5.你来以前，我曾打电话给你。 <br/>6.在我昨天晚上吃饭以前，曾和李先生见过面。 <br/>7.在他辞职（resign）以前，他是个好校长（president）。 <br/>8.在他去世（die），他是个好医生。 <br/>9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在练习唱歌。 <br/>10.在今天早上八时以前，天一直在下雨。 <br/>【练习十六】 <br/>将以下的中文句子译成英文，选适宜的时态。 <br/>1.他昨天去看你的时候，你在唱歌。 <br/>2.他从前是个好孩子。 <br/>3.他们都喜欢打篮球。 <br/>4.我们正在看电视。 <br/>5.你在台湾住了很久了。 <br/>6.我已经看完了这本书。 <br/>7.他们一直都住在这里。 <br/>8.我来以前，曾去过教堂。 <br/>9.他喜欢看日出。 <br/>10.他喜欢游泳。 <br/>11.他自从六岁起，就一直在学钢琴（piano）。 <br/>12.他过去是个强壮的孩子。 <br/>13.在他生病以前，他曾是个非常健康（healthy）的人。 <br/>14.当火车进站时，人们在跳舞。 <br/>15.在战争爆发（break out）以前，他曾是个音乐家（musician）。 <br/>16.我曾见过你。 <br/>17.我去年见过你。 <br/>18.我已经将信写好了。 <br/>19.自从1974年以来，我就是一个军人（soldier）。 <br/>20.我读了很多英文书。 <br/>【练习十七】 <br/>将正确的动词填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多种答案） <br/>1. He (love) his ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>2. He (love) his ｃｏｕｎｔry, but now he does not. <br/>3. I (be) a teacher since 1975. <br/>4. I (be) a teacher before I went to college. <br/>5. I (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl. <br/>6. When I went to see her yesterday, she (watch) TV. <br/>7. I (see) your father before I saw you. <br/>8. He (read) many detective stories. <br/>9. He (go) to church every Sunday. <br/>10. It (be) a cold day yesterday. <br/>11. It (rain) for the last two days. <br/>12. I (eat) too much. I am full now. <br/>13. You (be) a nurse before the war broke out. <br/>14. I (have) never (see) you in my life. <br/>15. He (be) a teacher since 1980. <br/>16. It (be) good to eat vegetables every day. <br/>17. It (be) so nice to meet you last night. <br/>18. She (be) such a nice girl before she died. <br/>19. Peter (go) to America many times. <br/>20. He (work) hard since last year. He (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time. </p><p></p> <p>第五章 未来式 <br/>5§1 未来式的基本规则 <br/>如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都用未来式。 <br/>I will go to America tomorrow. <br/>He will dance tonight. <br/>Peter will finish his work next month. <br/>如果不用〝will〞，我们可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞，如果我们如此做，以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句子 <br/>I am going to go to America tomorrow. <br/>He is going to dance tonight. <br/>Peter is going to finish his work next month. <br/>以下是一些未来式的例子： <br/>1. I will call you tonight.<br/>I am going to call you tonight. <br/>2. He will graduate next June.<br/>He is going to graduate next June. <br/>3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.<br/>Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon. <br/>4. He will help you.<br/>He is going to help you. <br/>5. The war will break out soon.<br/>The war is going to break out soon. <br/>6. It will rain tonight.<br/>It is going to rain tonight. <br/>有一个规则必须注意，就是will是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在will后面加s。 <br/>不仅如此，will后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。 <br/>因为这里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。 <br/>以下例子都是错的 <br/>1.＊He wills go to school. <br/>2.＊He will goes to school. <br/>3.＊They will went to work tomorrow. <br/>4.＊Tom is going to saw me tonight. <br/>5.＊Peter is going to working next month. <br/>未来式常和别的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子 <br/>1. When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei. <br/>2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa. <br/>3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work. <br/>4. After the war is over, every one will be happy. <br/>5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over. <br/>6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time. <br/>但千万不可写出以下错误的句子： <br/>＊When you will come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei. <br/>＊After the war will be over, every one will be happy. <br/>＊I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time. <br/>【练习十八】 <br/>将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to： <br/>1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。 <br/>2. 他下周一要和我见面。 <br/>3. 他明天要整理这个房间（clean this room）。 <br/>4. 我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。 <br/>5. 我明天晚上回家以后，就打电话给你。 <br/>6. 我毕业以后会去念法律。 <br/>7. 明天你走以后，我要看电视.。 <br/>8. 明天我会去台南。 <br/>9. 今天晚上我要写一封信给你。 <br/>10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。 <br/>【练习十九】 <br/>填充： <br/>1. I (be) in America next year, after I (graduate). <br/>2. I (explain) this to you tonight after I (read) the report. <br/>3. I (see) you tonight. <br/>4. As soon as you (come) to see me, I (give) you my book. <br/>5. When you (arrive) in New York tomorrow, Tom (be) in the airport to meet you. <br/>6. I (go) to church after the rain stops. <br/>7. I (watch) the new TV program after you (leave). <br/>8. When you (get) here tomorrow, everyone (wait) for you. <br/>9. I (get) a job as soon as I get out of college. <br/>10. He________ (have) dinner very late tomorrow. <br/>11. I________ (quit) my present job, after I________ (find) a better one. <br/>5§2 未来式的变形 <br/>未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子 <br/>I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight. <br/>He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital. <br/>I will be studying mathematics at home when you come. <br/>Two days later, I will be driving a new car. <br/>未来式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。举例来说，”我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了”，就可以用未来完成式： <br/>I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow. <br/>以下是一些未来完成式的例子 <br/>By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left. <br/>We will have had three meetings before six o’clock tonight. <br/>He will have written six novels next summer. <br/>【练习二十】 <br/>填充：（用未来进行式或未来完成式） <br/>1. I (watch) the baseball game tomorrow night. <br/>2. He (finish) the report when you arrive at his home. <br/>3. I (wash) my car tonight when my mother comes. <br/>4. They (play) their violins when the clock strikes twelve. <br/>5. He (complete) writing this program before ten o’clock tonight. <br/>6. He (be) the president for three years next May. <br/>7. I (wash) my car when you come tonight. <br/>8. I (read) this report before six o’clock tomorrow evening. <br/>9. Peter (dance) in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president. <br/>10. I (drive) four hundred miles tomorrow. <br/>【练习二十一】 <br/>将以下中文句子译成英文 <br/>1. 彼得生于1965年，他从小就喜欢音乐，自从1975年起，他就一直在练习小提琴。现在他是一个很好的小提琴家。 <br/>2. 我的哥哥明天会来看我，他来的时候，我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。 <br/>3. 在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球，现在我不打篮球了，因为我曾有一次车祸（car accident）。 <br/>4. 我现在在打电话给我的母亲，我的母亲现在88岁，他在台北已经住了60年。 <br/>5. 在我去美国以前，我曾经去过英国，当我在英国的时候，我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子，他后来成为我的太太。 <br/>【练习二十二】 <br/>填充 <br/>1. I (watching) TV now. I (watch) TV every day. <br/>2. He (have) a big dinner before we arrived last night. It (be) a good meal. He seldom (eat) so much. <br/>3. He (work) on this novel for a very long time. By the time he (finish) it, he (written) six novels. <br/>4. I (be) to America several times. I (go) to America again next year. <br/>5. I (live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old, I (move) to Taiwan and (live) there ever since. <br/>6. He (be) an honest person all his life. That is why so many people (like) him. <br/>7. It (be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I (have) a test the day after tomorrow. So I (study) in the library tomorrow night. <br/>8. He (be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although he (be) seventy years old, he (be) still quite healthy. <br/>9. I (have) this car for nine years. I (sell) it and (buy) a new one next year. <br/>10. He (take) a bath every morning. Today, since he (get) up very late, he (go) to school directly without taking a bath. </p><p>第六章 否定句子(Negative Sentences) <br/>6§1 否定句的基本规则 <br/>在任何语言，我们都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，写出否定句子并非难事，在英文，无论任何否定句子，都必须遵行一些规定，以下是否定句子的例子 <br/>肯定句子 否定句子 <br/>I like music. I don’t like music. <br/>He loves swimming. He does not love swimming. <br/>They have come to work. They have not come to work. <br/>Mary went to see a movie yesterday. Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday. <br/>John is a good boy. John is not a good boy. <br/>I will go to New York tomorrow. I will not go to New York tomorrow. <br/>He can sing. He can not sing. <br/>You may go now. You may not go now. <br/>He should sleep early. He should not sleep early. <br/>It is raining now. It is not raining now. <br/>It rains very often here. It does not rain very often here. <br/>He has a lot of money. He does not have a lot of money. <br/>It is exciting to see this game. It is not exciting to see this game. <br/>He asked me three questions. He did not ask me three questions. <br/>从以上的例子来看，我们可以归纳出以下的规则： <br/>1.Verb to be 后面可以直接加not。例如： <br/>He is not a good teacher. <br/>Mary was not very happy when she was young. <br/>They are not strong boys. <br/>Peter is not coming. <br/>John is not going to work. <br/>2.助动词后面可以直接加not。例如： <br/>He has not written any letter. <br/>They will not come. <br/>He cannot swim. <br/>They should not cry very often. <br/>Tom had not eaten any thing before you came. <br/>He may never eat cakes in the future. <br/>John has not lived here. <br/>3.一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。 <br/>He does not smoke. <br/>He did not go. <br/>I do not love sports. <br/>You do not like to eat fish. <br/>They do not swim very well. <br/>We did not see that movie. <br/>在英文中，我们可以用have to来代替must，以下是have to的例子： <br/>He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天应该去芝加哥） <br/>They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会） <br/>I have to work very hard.（我必须努力工作） <br/>含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在have to前面加do或它的变形，请看以下的例子： <br/>肯定句子 否定句子 <br/>He has to eat a lot of food. He does not have to eat a lot of food. <br/>He had to leave. He did not have to leave. <br/>I have to write that letter. I do not have to write that letter. <br/>【练习二十三】 <br/>将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子： <br/>1. I saw your brother last night. <br/>2. I like apples. <br/>3. She is a beautiful girl. <br/>4. They can play violin very well. <br/>5. Mr. Chang must answer the following questions. <br/>6. He went to see his brother last night. <br/>7. He could sing many songs. <br/>8. He will buy this car. <br/>9. It rained heavily last night. <br/>10. I have lived here for three years. <br/>11. He has to see his mother. <br/>12. He had to stay here yesterday. <br/>6§2 No, Never和Any的用法 <br/>要达成否定的意思,有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子： <br/>1.I saw no students here. <br/>2.There are no lakes in this ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>3.I have no money. <br/>4.I had no choice. <br/>5.He has no friends. <br/>以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写； <br/>1.I did not see any student here. <br/>2.We can not find any lake in this ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>3.I do not have any money. <br/>4.I did not have any choice. <br/>5.He does not have any friends. <br/>除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里： <br/>I have never gone there. <br/>He has never written any song. <br/>They have never washed their clothes. <br/>【练习二十四】 <br/>用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里: <br/>1. I have money. <br/>2. A selfish person does have any friends. <br/>3. man is entirely alone. <br/>4. one is living here. We can get into this house. <br/>5. a single person loves me. <br/>6. one loves me. <br/>7. The person whom I saw did come. <br/>8. I did go to work yesterday. <br/>9. I had work to do yesterday. <br/>10. I can find any one in this hall. <br/>11. I have gone to America. <br/>12. He has written to me. </p> <p></p><p>第七章 问句(Questions) <br/>7§1 答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题 <br/>有些问题，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。 <br/>原来句子 问句 <br/>I am a boy. Am I a boy? <br/>He has a car. Does he have a car? <br/>I gave him three books. Did I give him three books? <br/>He cannot work. Can he work? <br/>He has not seen me. Has he seen me? <br/>They like your novel. Do They like your novel? <br/>The sun sets in the west. Does the sunset in the west? <br/>They are good teachers. Are they good teachers? <br/>He will not go to a concert tonight. Will he go to a concert tonight? <br/>He is going to swim. Is he going to swim? <br/>They must eat vegetables. Must they eat vegetables? <br/>They have to go. Do they have to go? <br/>I walked two kilometers yesterday. Did I walk two kilometers yesterday? <br/>It is raining now. Is it raining now? <br/>根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则： <br/>(1) 凡动词是verb to be的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。<br/>例子： <br/>原来句子 问句 <br/>You are a girl. Are you a girl? <br/>He was a teacher. Was he a teacher? <br/>They were all old. Were they all old? <br/>This song is beautiful. Is this song beautiful? <br/>Peter is a good student. Is Peter a good student? <br/>(2) 动词不是verb to be，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。<br/>例子： <br/>原来句子 问句 <br/>I like music. Do I like music? <br/>He likes sports. Does he like sports? <br/>Peter went to America. Did Peter go to America? <br/>He ate three apples last night. Did he eat three apples last night? <br/>Her mother calls her every week. Does her mother call her every week? <br/>(3) 句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。<br/>例子： <br/>原来句子 问句 <br/>He did not eat. Did he eat? <br/>He has gone to America. Has he gone to America? <br/>She can dance. Can she dance? <br/>I will see you tonight. Will I see you tonight? <br/>They are going to Washington. Are they going to Washington? <br/>我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问： <br/>你不喜欢音乐吗？ <br/>他不是你的弟弟吗？ <br/>你从未见过他？ <br/>英文句子也可以如此，例如： <br/>Don’t you like music? <br/>Doesn’t he play piano? <br/>Aren’t you his brother? <br/>Isn’t he a good student? <br/>Didn’t he go to school? <br/>Hasn’t he lived here? <br/>Won’t he leave tomorrow? <br/>注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。 <br/>有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你： <br/>你不喜欢音乐吗？ <br/>而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说： <br/>是，我不喜欢音乐。 <br/>也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说： <br/>不，我喜欢音乐。 <br/>可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是： <br/>Don’t you like music? <br/>你如不喜欢音乐就回答说： <br/>No, I don’t like music. <br/>你如喜欢音乐，就回答说： <br/>Yes, I like music. <br/>再举一例，有人问： <br/>Isn’t he Chinese? <br/>他是中国人就回答： <br/>Yes, he is. <br/>他如不是，就回答： <br/>No, he isn’t. <br/>反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。 <br/>【练习二十五】 <br/>将以下句子翻译成英文问句： <br/>1. 你喜欢他吗？ <br/>2. 他是美国人吗？ <br/>3. 你昨天有没有去教堂？ <br/>4. 他曾经到过日本吗？ <br/>5. 你要去台北吗？ <br/>6. 他不喜欢体育吗？ <br/>7. 你从未去过日本吗？ <br/>8. 他有一个妹妹吗？ <br/>9. 他们都是学生吗？ <br/>10. 你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？ <br/>7§2 回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句 <br/>问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子： <br/>Where did you buy this book? <br/>Where did you see him? <br/>How do you like America? <br/>Whom do you like? <br/>Which cake do you want? <br/>Whose book is this? <br/>What kind of method is this? <br/>Which ｃｏｕｎｔry were you born in? <br/>Which do you want, an apple or an orange? <br/>Whom do you like most, your brother or your sister? <br/>Where did you go last night? <br/>When did you meet your father? <br/>When did you read this book? <br/>Whom did you give this book to? <br/>以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的： <br/>Who gave you this car? <br/>Who wrote this letter? <br/>Who took my pen away? <br/>Who wants to go with me? <br/>Who can sing this song? <br/>【练习二十六】 <br/>将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句： <br/>1. 你在哪里买这本书的？ <br/>2. 他什么时候到美国去的？ <br/>3. 他爸爸的名字是什么？ <br/>4. 这是谁的书？ <br/>5. 你从哪里来的？ <br/>6. 你要哪一本书？ <br/>7. 这个孩子是谁？ <br/>8. 他最喜欢谁？ <br/>9. 他叫什么名字？ <br/>10. 你昨天到哪里去了？ <br/>11. 这是谁的狗？ <br/>【练习二十七】 <br/>填空 <br/>1. did you go last night? <br/>2. book do you like? <br/>3. is your brother? <br/>4. is his name? <br/>5. wrote this letter? <br/>6. did you give this book to? <br/>7. gave you this book? <br/>8. car is this? <br/>9. dog is this? <br/>10. movie did you see? <br/>11. can speak English? <br/>12. did you speak to? <br/>13. kind of car is this? <br/>14. fruit do you like most? <br/>15. does not swim? </p><p></p> 第八章 被动语气(Passive Voice) <br/>8§1 及物动词和不及物动词 <br/>任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词 <br/>1. He was a teacher before. <br/>2. He went to school yesterday. <br/>3. He hit a dog. <br/>4. I saw you yesterday. <br/>5. He walks to school every day. <br/>6. He sent this book to me. <br/>7. They are good students. <br/>8. He wrote two novels. <br/>9. They ate all of the apples. <br/>10. He swims every morning. <br/>在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitive verbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。 <br/>我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下： <br/>句子 主词 及物动词 受词 <br/>He hit a dog. He hit dog <br/>I saw you yesterday. I saw you <br/>He sent his book to me. He sent his book <br/>He wrote two novels. He wrote two novels <br/>They ate all of the apples. They ate all of the apples <br/>一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（active voice）改成被动语气（passive voice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。 <br/>8§2 没有助动词的被动语气 <br/>在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下： <br/>主词＋动词＋受词 <br/>所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作： <br/>（1） 原有受词变成名词 <br/>（2） 动词变成verb to be＋过去分词（past participle） <br/>（3） 原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。 <br/>举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是 <br/>I saw a cat.<br/>被动语气就成了<br/>A cat was seen by me. <br/>最重要的是，verb to be的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verb to be也是过去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子： <br/>I saw two cats. <br/>改成被动语气以后，句子是： <br/>Two cats were seen by me. <br/>以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式： <br/>主动语气（active voice） 被动语气（passive voice） <br/>Mr. Jones hit the dog. The dog was hit by Mr. Jones. <br/>My brother saw you yesterday. You were seen by my brother yesterday. <br/>He sent the book to me. The book was sent to me by him. <br/>Dickens wrote those two novels. Those two novels were written by Dickens. <br/>They ate all of the apples. All of the apples were eaten by them. <br/>Jane wrote that song. That song was written by Jane. <br/>My mother loves me. I am loved by my mother. <br/>【练习二十八】 <br/>将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动： <br/>1. He saw that movie last night. <br/>2. He wrote that letter to me. <br/>3. He teaches those English classes. <br/>4. God loves you. <br/>5. They bought two houses. <br/>6. I painted this room. <br/>7. He grows those roses. <br/>8. He helps his students. <br/>9. I sold the house. <br/>10. My uncle bought this car. <br/>【练习二十九】 <br/>将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气： <br/>1. The policeman was seen by me. <br/>2. Those two books were written by me. <br/>3. These sentences were corrected by my teacher. <br/>4. He was hit by a car. <br/>5. His door was locked by me. <br/>6. His house was built by my father. <br/>7. His boat was given to me by my father. <br/>8. This bird is rarely seen by people here. <br/>9. He is liked by every one. <br/>10. They were given ten dollars by their friends. <br/>11. This picture was taken by him. <br/>12. Too much wine was drunk by the young men. <br/>13. I was taught by Mr. Wang. <br/>14. He was helped by his father. <br/>15. They were served by that waiter. <br/>16. His food was prepared by my mother. <br/>17. His toy was made by my sister. <br/>18. The book was returned to me by Jim. <br/>19. That song was written by my brother. <br/>20. I was invited by him to a party. <br/>8§3 有助动词肯定句子的被动语气 <br/>在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子： <br/> 主动语气 被动语气 <br/>现在进形式 I am writing this letter. The letter is being written by me. <br/>现在完程序 I have written the letter. The letter has been written by me. <br/>过去进形式 I was writing the letter when you came. The letter was being written by me when you came. <br/>过去完程序 I had written the letter before you came. The letter had been written by me before you came. <br/>未来式 I will write the letter. The letter will be written by me. <br/>未来完成式 I will have written this letter. This letter will have been written by me. <br/>未来式 I am going to see you. You are going to be seen by me. <br/>以下是更多的例子： <br/>主动语气 被动语气 <br/>I have seen him. He has been seen by me. <br/>He is going to help you. You are going to be helped by him. <br/>He will teach English. English will be taught by him. <br/>He has helped me all my life. I have been helped by him all my life. <br/>He had called me before you came. I had been called by him before you came. <br/>He was calling his mother when we went there. His mother was being called by him when we went there. <br/>助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、has to等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verb to be和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子： <br/>主动语气 被动语气 <br/>I can play the piano. The piano can be played by me. <br/>I may use this room. This room may be used by me. <br/>He must give the book to me. The book must be given to me by him. <br/>You should help him. He should be helped by you. <br/>You have to write this letter. This letter has to be written by you. <br/>He ought to write this report. This report ought to be written by him. <br/>【练习三十】 <br/>将以下的句子改成被动语气： <br/>1. He has written three novels. <br/>2. He will write that letter. <br/>3. They will sing these songs tomorrow. <br/>4. He will give the speech. <br/>5. They are painting the house. <br/>6. I have given him three books. <br/>7. I can do this job. <br/>8. He had told me that story before we went there. <br/>9. Teachers should help the students. <br/>10. He is writing the report now. <br/>11. The students must read this book. <br/>12. I have to give this letter to my mother tonight. <br/>13. All citizens ought to obey the law. <br/>14. He has eaten all of the cakes. <br/>15. The reporters were taking pictures when the storm started. <br/>16. He had finished the work before five o'clock last night. <br/>17. Peter will write that letter. <br/>18. John has received my letter. <br/>19. Millions of people saw the movie “Gone with the wind”. <br/>20. He has proved that theorem. <br/>【练习三十一】 <br/>将以下句子改成主动语气： <br/>1. Two books have been written by Joseph. <br/>2. Football is being played by John. <br/>3. He should be given that lecture by his father. <br/>4. That report will be written by him. <br/>5. The letter has been received by the King. <br/>6. This movie should be seen by every one. <br/>7. This book ought to be read by every student. <br/>8. They are being helped by me. <br/>9. The movie is going to be seen by all of us. <br/>10. This cake can be eaten by kids. <br/>8§4 否定句子的被动语气 <br/>将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下： <br/>（1） 将此句子改成肯定句子 <br/>（2） 将此肯定句子改成被动语气 <br/>（3） 将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子 <br/>现在举一个否定的例子： <br/>I did not take this picture. <br/>对应的肯定句子是： <br/>I took this picture. <br/>改成被动语气： <br/>This picture was taken by me. <br/>再改成否定句子： <br/>This picture was not taken by me. <br/>下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气： <br/>1. They did not like the music. <br/>(a). They liked the music. <br/>(b). The music was liked by them. <br/>(c). The music was not liked by them. <br/>2. I have not written that letter. <br/>(a). I have written that letter. <br/>(b). That letter has been written by me. <br/>(c). That letter has not been written by me. <br/>3. You can not eat that cake. <br/>(a). You can eat that cake. <br/>(b). That cake can be eaten by you. <br/>(c). That cake can not be eaten by you. <br/>4. He does not play music. <br/>(a). He plays that kind of music. <br/>(b). That kind of music is played by him. <br/>(c). That kind of music is not played by him. <br/>5. I am not going to see you. <br/>(a). I am going to see you. <br/>(b). You are going to be seen by me. <br/>(c). You are not going to be seen by me. <br/>6. They will not see that movie. <br/>(a). They will see that movie. <br/>(b). That movie will be seen by them. <br/>(c). That movie will not be seen by them. <br/>7. They did not help me. <br/>(a). They helped me. <br/>(b). I was helped by them. <br/>(c). I was not helped by them. <br/>8. I did not tell that story. <br/>(a). I told that story. <br/>(b). That story was told by me. <br/>(c). That story was not told by me. <p><br/>在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的： <br/>主动语气 被动语气 <br/>They do not enjoy such music. Such music is not enjoyed by them. <br/>He did not tell that story. That story was not told by him. <br/>They have not written that story. That story has not been told by them. <br/>Peter is going to see me. I am not going to be seen by Peter. <br/>He will not help me. I will not be helped by him. <br/>John will not eat that cake. That cake will not be eaten by John. <br/>I can not drink that wine. That wine can not be drunk by me. <br/>【练习三十二】 <br/>将以下的否定句子改成被动语气： <br/>1. The farmers here do not grow apples. <br/>2. He did not meet me last night. <br/>3. I have not written that letter. <br/>4. John is not going to see that movie. <br/>5. I did not watch that movie. <br/>6. He does not speak English. <br/>7. He will not speak English. <br/>8. You should not eat that cake. <br/>9. My mother does not eat that kind of fish. <br/>10. John has not written that report. <br/>【练习三十三】 <br/>将以下句子改成主动语气： <br/>1. The book was not written by him. <br/>2. I am not going to be helped by you. <br/>3. That book has not been received by John. <br/>4. That song is not liked by college students. <br/>5. John is not loved by Mary. <br/>6. I will not be met by my student tomorrow. <br/>7. Meat is not eaten by vegetarians. <br/>8. The door was not opened by me. <br/>9. That ten dollars were not paid by me. <br/>10. The car was not bought by me. <br/>8§5 问句的被动语气 <br/>将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。 <br/>例如： <br/>Do young kids enjoy classical music? <br/>先改成肯定句子 <br/>Young kids enjoy classical music. <br/>再改成被动语气 <br/>Music is enjoyed by young kids. <br/>最后改成问句 <br/>Is music enjoyed by young kids? <br/>为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子： <br/>1. Did you eat that cake? <br/>(a). You ate that cake. <br/>(b). That cake was eaten by you. <br/>(c). Was that cake eaten by you? <br/>2. Do farmers in Taiwan grow apples? <br/>(a) Farmers in Taiwan grow apples. <br/>(b) Apples are grown by farmers in Taiwan. <br/>(c) Are apples grown by farmers in Taiwan? <br/>3. Have you finished the report? <br/>(a) You have finished the report. <br/>(b) The report has been finished by you. <br/>(c) Has the report been finished by you? <br/>4. When did you write that letter? <br/>(a) You wrote that letter. <br/>(b) That letter was written by you. <br/>(c) When was the letter written by you? <br/>5. Have you seen that movie? <br/>(a) You have seen that movie. <br/>(b) That movie has been seen by you. <br/>(c) Has the movie been seen by you? <br/>6. When did Stevenson write that novel? <br/>(a) Stevenson wrote that novel. <br/>(b) That novel was written by Stevenson. <br/>(c) When was that novel written by Stevenson? <br/>8. Is he painting his room? <br/>(a) He is painting his room. <br/>(b) His room is being painted by him. <br/>(c) Is his room being painted by him? <br/>在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的： <br/>主动语气 被动语气 <br/>Does he help his students? Are his students helped by him? <br/>Did he tell that story? Was that story told by him? <br/>Has she written that story? Has that story been written by her? <br/>Whom is Peter going to visit? Who is going to be visited by Peter? <br/>When did you read that book? When was that book written by you? <br/>Does he enjoy that song? Is that song enjoyed him? <br/>Why do his friends avoid him? Why is he avoided by his friends? <br/>Whom did you see? Who was seen by you? <br/>Has he read that report? Has that report been read by him? <br/>Is he writing that letter? Is that letter being written by him? <br/>【练习三十四】 <br/>将以下句子改成被动语气： <br/>1. Is he writing a book? <br/>2. Did he write that book? <br/>3. Did you sign that letter? <br/>4. Where did you see that movie? <br/>5. When did you see that movie? <br/>6. Has he finished that job? <br/>7. Did mother give you the gift? <br/>8. Did your mother visit you last night? <br/>9. Do they grow roses? <br/>10. Do they speak English? <br/>11. Did you play that game of tennis? <br/>12. Will you teach English? <br/>【练习三十五】 <br/>将以下句子改成主动语气： <br/>1. Was the cake eaten by you? <br/>2. Is he liked by all of us? <br/>3. Is that kind of music loved by every one in Japan? <br/>4. Is fish eaten by old people? <br/>5. Are roses loved by most women? <br/>6. Was he called by you? <br/>7. Is soccer played by John? <br/>8. When was this music written by Mozart? <br/>9. When was he seen by you? <br/>10. Were they seen by you last night? <br/>【练习三十六】 <br/>将适宜的动词填入 <br/>1. I (send) two letters yesterday. (do) you (receive) them? Every letter (write) by me. Please (write) back to me soon. <br/>2. I (invite) to a dancing party last week. The music (be) so noisy. I (leave) the party as early as I (can). <br/>3. Did you (write) that report? Yes, it (write) by me. <br/>4. He (not like) music when he was a child. After he (get) into college, he (teach) by a good music professor. Now, he (enjoy) music very much and (listen) to classical music every morning. <br/>5. I (buy) a red car yesterday. It (make) in Japan. It will __________ (deliver) to me tomorrow. <br/>6. I (not go) to school yesterday because my bicycle (steal).<br/>I (buy) a new bike yesterday. <br/>7. Where (do) you go last night? I (can) not (find) you. You (see) by no one. <br/>8. A: (do) he (smoke)? <br/>B: No, he (do not). Smoking has never (try) by him. <br/>9. Was the book (write) by him? <br/>10. I (buy) three books lately. One (write) by Graham Greene.<br/>I (finish) reading it. There (be) many interesting stories in it. <br/>【练习三十七】 <br/>改错： <br/>1. ＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens. <br/>2. ＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people? <br/>3. ＊When are you visited by your father yesterday? <br/>4. ＊This book written by John. <br/>5. ＊He is invited to come to my home by my father yesterday. <br/>6. ＊This house is built in 1913. <br/>7. ＊This letter was wrote by him. <br/>8. ＊This letter has never finished. <br/>9. ＊Was you given a book? <br/>10. ＊I have never called by my father. I always call him first. </p><p>第九章 动词如何转换成名词<br/>动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive） <br/>9§1 问题的来源 <br/>对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。 <br/>英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当很名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说 <br/>＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing. <br/>既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。 <br/>9§2 动名词（Gerund） <br/>所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子： <br/>I like singing. <br/>Playing basketball is good for you. <br/>Do you enjoy listening to classical music? <br/>Is traveling around the world meaningful to you? <br/>Studying English is not difficult. <br/>我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类： <br/>1.动名词可用作主词，如 <br/>Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people. <br/>Taking drugs is avoided by most people. <br/>Being kind to others is important for every one. <br/>Respecting your parents shows good character. <br/>2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如 <br/>I enjoy studying English. <br/>He does not mind walking long distances. <br/>I have never enjoyed being alone in my life. <br/>He loves swimming. <br/>3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at, in, about, of, on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说 <br/>on the table <br/>in my home <br/>about Hitler <br/>of my life <br/>on this island <br/>各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。 <br/>动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如： <br/>This book is about traveling. <br/>He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen. <br/>My brother is capable of writing programs. <br/>You just keep on going straight. </p> 在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。 <br/>Instead of swimming, he walks every morning. <br/>He likes walking in the woods. <br/>Are you interested in playing tennis? <br/>Loving is to be kind to others. <br/>Reading is important to students. <br/>In addition to traveling, he also likes reading novels. <br/>You will be happy by helping others. <br/>He is worried about being late. <br/>I finished writing the report yesterday. <br/>They thanked me for lending them money. <br/>He has never finished writing the novel. <br/>She is in change of teaching English in our school. <br/>My father objected to my going to the summer camp. <br/>Please stop joking about my brother. <br/>I look forward to seeing you. <br/>He has never enjoyed traveling. <br/>She was excited about going abroad. <br/>I consider gambling a bad thing to do. <br/>I have never dreamed of flying an airplane. <br/>He suggested talking to our teacher. <br/>I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day. <br/>Playing the piano is no fun at all. <br/>Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late. <br/>Are you tired of driving for so long? <br/>You should forgive others for doing wrong things. <br/>He insists on getting up early every morning. <br/>Thank you for participating in my concert. <br/>He is used to studying alone. <br/>They are not used to speaking English. <br/>He is accustomed to being polite to others. <br/>I object to seeing dirty movies. <br/>You should take advantage of studying in such a good place. <br/>【练习三十八】 <br/>改正以下的错误 <br/>1.＊Play tennis is fun. <br/>2.＊I hate swim. <br/>3.＊Stop talk about me. <br/>4.＊In addition to read interesting books, you should also watch TV from time to time. <br/>5.＊I am not interested in swim. <br/>6.＊He talks about go to America. <br/>7.＊I believe in do exercise every day. <br/>8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high. <br/>9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake. <br/>10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold. <br/>【练习三十九】 <br/>填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。 <br/>1. I am interested (listen) to music. <br/>2. Please forgive me (be) so late. <br/>3. In addition (study) , you should also have some exercises every day. <br/>4. We talked (build) a house next year. <br/>5. Thank you (help) me. <br/>6. He is excited (travel) to Japan. <br/>7. I am looking forward (meet) you. <br/>8. He insists (talk) to me personally. <br/>9. I believe (exercise) every day. <br/>10. Did you participate that (swim) match. <br/>11. He was not used (listen) to classic music. <br/>12. My mother objected (visit) my aunt tomorrow. <br/>13. I am not accustomed (go) to bed so late. <br/>14. I am interested (swim) . <br/>15. Are you responsible (write) this report? <br/>16. He is excited (see) me tomorrow. <br/>17. He is looking forward (see) that movie. <br/>18. I am not used (hear) that kind of noise. <br/>19. You should take advantage (have) such a good family. <br/>20.He is in charge (send) students to other schools. <br/>【练习四十】 <br/>将以下中文句子译成英文句子： <br/>1.我不喜欢跳舞。 <br/>2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？ <br/>3.打蓝球是有趣的。 <br/>4.我们昨天谈到（talk about）教英文的事。 <br/>5.我不习惯（be not used to）抽烟。 <br/>6.我反对（object to）在公开场合哭泣（cry in public）。 <br/>7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用in addition to）。 <br/>8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。 <br/>9.他负责（be in charge of）找寻一个好的地方。 <br/>10.我已习惯了（be accustomed to）早起。 <br/>9§3 不定词（Infinitives） <br/>不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子： <br/>To love is to forgive. <br/>To forgive your enemies will make you happy. <br/>I like to eat chicken. <br/>I asked my brother to come here. <br/>He continued to read. <br/>也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的： <br/>＊I am interested in to play piano. <br/>＊He is worried about to go abroad. <br/>＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party. <br/>如何将不定词用成名词呢？ <br/>1.不定词可以用作主词：如 <br/>To play tennis is great fun. <br/>To play safe in the stock market is necessary. <br/>To be kind to others is important for every one. <br/>To respect your parents shows good character. <br/>2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词： <br/>I like to swim. <br/>He loves to listen to jokes. <br/>My brother seems to be different. <br/>I agree to lend him money. <br/>Do you like to sing? <br/>3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下： <br/>动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive） <br/>例如： <br/>I told him to work hard. <br/>I asked my brother to come back home. <br/>He expects his friends to help him. <br/>My teacher told me to wait for him. <br/>I invited my sister to go to see a movie. <p>4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如： <br/>He was told to work hard. <br/>My brother was asked to come back home. <br/>His friend is expected to help me. <br/>I was told by my teacher to wait. <br/>My sister was invited to go to see a movie. <br/>以下是更多的不定词例子： <br/>To give is more meaningful than to receive. <br/>I love to swim in cold weather. <br/>He agreed to listen to my story. <br/>He decided to go anyway. <br/>I told him to buy my book. <br/>I invited him to come to my house. <br/>I asked him to cook for me tonight. <br/>Students are asked to work hard. <br/>He needs to work hard. <br/>I want you to send this letter to my father. <br/>He requires every student to read one novel every week. <br/>Every student is required to read one novel every week. <br/>读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。 <br/>有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词： <br/>Enjoy I enjoy eating good food. <br/>Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others. <br/>Avoid You should avoid making mistakes. <br/>keep on Keep on working hard. <br/>keep Keep singing. <br/>consider He considered leaving home. <br/>finish He finished writing this book. <br/>suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee? <br/>discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand. <br/>以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词 <br/>agree I agree to sign this letter. <br/>plan He plans to go away. <br/>want They want to rent a car. <br/>decide He decided to work hard. <br/>seem He seems to be very happy. <br/>appear He appears to be very sad. <br/>一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop： <br/>stop smoking 指不再抽烟了 <br/>stop to smoke 指停下来，开始抽烟 <br/>9§4 动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式 <br/>将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子： <br/>Everyone likes to be loved. <br/>This cup needs to be washed. <br/>Being trusted is important. <br/>I told him not to leave this house. <br/>He asked me not to cry. <br/>I was told not to fall asleep in class. <br/>To be given a good gift on ｃｈｒistmas Eve makes me happy. <br/>Being invited to that party is a great honor to me. <br/>【练习四十一】 <br/>将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词 <br/>1. I enjoy (listen) to rock and roll music. <br/>2. I asked him (go) away. <br/>3. He was asked (leave). <br/>4. I suggest (have) some fun. <br/>5. He seems (be) a kind person. <br/>6. You appear (be) quite tired. <br/>7. I told him (have) a cup of wine. <br/>8. I invited him (come) over. <br/>9. Every one of you is required (work) hard. <br/>10. Do you like (swim)? <br/>11. I ordered him (read) my book. <br/>12. I was expected (write) a letter to you. <br/>13. He asked me (read) this letter to him. <br/>14. Please keep (talk) to me. <br/>15. Stop (drive) so fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast. <br/>16. I hate (smoke). <br/>17. (pass) the test is important. <br/>18. (work) hard is the key to success. <br/>19. My wife asked me to (bring) some flowers home. <br/>20. He avoided (tell) lies. <br/>【练习四十二】 <br/>将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。 <br/>1.我请（invite）他到我家来。 <br/>2.我教（teach）他游泳。 <br/>3.被人爱令人快乐。 <br/>4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。 <br/>5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。 <br/>6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。 <br/>7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。 <br/>8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。 <br/>9§5 不定词的简式 <br/>不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说 <br/>＊I let him to leave. <br/>而一定要说 <br/>I let him leave. <br/>我们也不能说 <br/>＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作） <br/>而一定要说 <br/>I made him work hard. <br/>以下的动词后面，不定词的后面都要省掉to。 <br/>动词 例句 <br/>let My mother let me watch TV tonight. <br/>make He makes his students respect teachers. <br/>have He had his sons clean their rooms. <br/>see I saw him run away. <br/>hear I heard the birds sing. <br/>watch I watched the kids play. <br/>notice I noticed her cry. <br/>因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定词，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的： <br/>＊He made his son ran away from home. <br/>＊I saw him walked away.. <br/>＊I have never heard him sang any song. <br/>Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的： <br/>I helped him wash his car. <br/>I helped him to wash his car. <br/>【练习四十三】 <br/>以下的句子都有错，请改正： <br/>1.＊He lets his son to drive his car. <br/>2.＊He made me felt happy. <br/>3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me. <br/>4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning. <br/>5.＊I helped my father painted his house. <br/>6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me. <br/>7.＊I had Mary to marry me. <br/>8.＊This song makes everyone to cry. <br/>9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard. <br/>10.＊He made us to believe him. <br/>11.＊I saw him to play. <br/>12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs. <br/>13.＊I watched her to swim. <br/>14.＊I saw the birds to fly away. </p><p>第十章 如何将动词改成形容词 <br/>我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，可是在这里，显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词，可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子： <br/>＊ a smile face <br/>＊ a run boy <br/>需知smile和cry都是动词，是不能当作形容词来用的。 <br/>可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞，我们很多人会说 <br/>＊ People live in Taiwan are rich. <br/>以上的话为什么错呢？因为People是主词，are是动词，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一个动词，不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢？我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词，我们的做法是利用分词（participle）和不定词（infinitive），而分词有两种：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle），我们在下一节，先谈现在分词的用法。 <br/>10§1 现在分词（present participle）作为形容词 <br/>任何一个动词，都有一个现在分词（present participle），现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing，如： <br/>laughing <br/>crying <br/>walking <br/>swimming <br/>running <br/>以下的例子中，现在分词都是形容词 <br/>a crying baby <br/>a smiling girl <br/>an exciting story <br/>running water <br/>a running boy <br/>a rising star <br/>现在分词不一定放在名词的前面，在以下的句子中，现在分词都在名词的后面 <br/>a person walking in the woods <br/>the young man running very fast <br/>people living in Taiwan <br/>the person driving that red car <br/>the singer singing the national anthem（国歌） <br/>the boys playing in the fields <br/>the young boy swimming in the pool <br/>以下句子中的现在分词，都被用作形容词。 <br/>We have a crying baby here. <br/>Seeing is believing.（believing是形容词，seeing是名词） <br/>Loving is forgiving. <br/>He always wears a smiling face. <br/>Running water is important for mankind. <br/>Look at the rising sun. <br/>The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong. <br/>The young man driving the red car is rich. <br/>Those boys playing basketball are happy. <br/>This movie is exciting. <br/>This news is very upsetting. <br/>This story is troubling. <br/>The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother. <br/>People living in the United States consume more energy than other people. <br/>The person painting the house there is from Mexico. <br/>She has a loving husband. <br/>He is a rising star. <br/>【练习四十四】 <br/>将以下的中文句子译成英文，每句都要用现在分词 <br/>1. 这是一本有趣的故事。 <br/>2. 这门课很无聊（boring）。 <br/>3. 看那只在唱歌的鸟。 <br/>4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。 <br/>5. 住在乡下的人通常很健康。 <br/>6. 我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。 <br/>7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。 <br/>8. 那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。 <br/>9. 你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗？ <br/>10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老师。 <br/>10§2 过去分词（past participle）作为形容词 <br/>在完成式中，我们要用过去分词，过去分词也可以作为形容词，以下是一些例子： <br/>a broken window （破碎的窗） <br/>a fallen angel （堕落的天使） <br/>a fallen star （已经不走红的明星） <br/>a depressed person （一个沮丧的人） <br/>a much appreciated action （为人很欣赏的动作） <br/>究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢？过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。最好的例子是：开发中家叫做a developing ｃｏｕｎｔry，已开发国家就叫做a developed ｃｏｕｎｔry。 <br/>以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同： <br/>1. (a)这本书很有趣。 <br/>This book is interesting. <br/>(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。 <br/>I am interested in this book. <br/>2. (a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。 <br/>This is a depressing movie. <br/>(b)我看了这部电影以后，感到非常沮丧。 <br/>I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie. <br/>3. (a)结果令人失望。 <br/>The result is frustrating. <br/>(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。 <br/>He was frustrated because of the result. <br/>4. (a)这个消息真令人难过。 <br/>This news is really upsetting. <br/>(b)他们都很难过。 <br/>They are all upset. <br/>5. (a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。 <br/>John’s progress is encouraging. <br/>(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。 <br/>I am encouraged by John’s progress. <br/>6. (a)水在烧。 <br/>The water is boiling. <br/>(b)这是烧开的水。 <br/>This is boiled water. <br/>7.(a)这个消息出人意外。 <br/>This news is surprising. <br/>(b)我对这个消息感到意外。 <br/>I was surprised by the news. <br/>8. (a)他的谈话令人困惑。 <br/>His words are confusing. <br/>(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。 <br/>He is a confused person. <br/>记住，以下的句子都是错的： <br/>＊His statements are confused to me. <br/>＊I am interesting in music. <br/>＊He is an interested person. <br/>＊This is indeed a surprised news. <br/>＊This news is encouraged. <br/>正确的句子应该是： <br/>His statements are confusing. <br/>I am interested in music. <br/>He is an interesting person. <br/>This is indeed a surprising news. <br/>This news is encouraging. </p> <p>以下是含有过去分词的句子，每一个过去分词都用作形容词： <br/>America is a developed ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>I found that dog killed in a car accident. <br/>The frustrated student needs help. <br/>I want the report completed before midnight. <br/>He is totally depressed. <br/>They are all frustrated. <br/>The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac. <br/>This book, read by almost every one, was written by Charles Dickens. <br/>This is still an unrealized dream. <br/>Are you interested in music? <br/>I am really surprised to meet you. <br/>I was excited by his arrival. <br/>The girl dressed in white is from Japan. <br/>A depressed person needs love from others. <br/>Millions got killed in the Second World War. <br/>He is a troubled child who needs advice. <br/>I have a broken leg. <br/>Broken glass is all over the place. <br/>千万注意，我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词，以下的句子都是错的： <br/>＊He is suffered. <br/>＊This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science. <br/>正确的说法是： <br/>He suffers. <br/>This article will appear in the next issue of Science. <br/>【练习四十五】 <br/>将以下的中文句子译成英文： <br/>1. 我对音乐有兴趣。 <br/>2. 这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。 <br/>3. 他来自一个破碎的家庭。 <br/>4. 这个国家的法律已经崩溃（break down）了。 <br/>5. 我因这个消息而感到兴奋。 <br/>6. 我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。 <br/>7. 三个人死于（get killed）这场车祸。 <br/>8. 这是一个充满了困惑的学生。 <br/>9. 他是一个很有趣的人。 <br/>【练习四十六】 <br/>填空，全部用现在分词或过去分词： <br/>1. He is totally (confuse). <br/>2. I am (interest) in seeing that movie. <br/>3. This movie is really (excite). <br/>4. That is a (break) promise. <br/>5. He has a (break) arm. <br/>6. Their marriage was (break) up. <br/>7. Justice is still not a (realize) dream. <br/>8. He is a (depress) person. <br/>9. The bicycle (ride) by the young kid is mine. <br/>10. I do not like to see any person (injure). <br/>11. I was very much (surprise) to hear that news. <br/>12. His statements are (encourage). <br/>13. The man (talk) about Hitler is a professor. <br/>14. The man (pilot) the airplane is quite young. <br/>15. The company (manage) by Mr. Lee is getting better and better. <br/>16. Poor John now has a (break) heart. <br/>17. There are boys and girls (dance) in the garden. <br/>18. The (steal) jacket has been found. <br/>19. The boy (laugh) there is not my son. <br/>20. He has a (smile) face. <br/>21. This is indeed very (excite). <br/>22. This song, (hear) by almost everyone, was written by me. <br/>23. I don't like the song (write) by the Beatles. <br/>24. She is a (care) woman. <br/>10§3 不定词（Infinitives）作为形容词和副词 <br/>不定词可以用作名词，也可以用作形容词，以下都是不定词用作形容词的例子，要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前面： <br/>You don't have the right to talk so loudly. <br/>He is to blame. <br/>To see is to believe.（To see是名词，to believe是形容词） <br/>My job is to teach poor kids to learn. <br/>We all have the duty to serve our ｃｏｕｎｔry. <br/>He has a talent to sing. <br/>I don't have time to play. <br/>He is a person to be liked by us all. <br/>This is a book to be read by all students. <br/>He has no money to spend. <br/>This is not a good place for kids to grow up in. <br/>This law is to protect innocent citizens. <br/>I am glad to see you. <br/>He is ready to start a war. <br/>He is rich enough to buy the entire building. <br/>They are afraid to die. <br/>He has no right to kill anyone. <br/>John is too weak to do this job. <br/>My mother is too old to drive a car. <br/>It is easy to fall behind in school. <br/>【练习四十七】 <br/>将以下句子改成英文： <br/>1. 我们都有纳税的义务。 <br/>2. 我们都有保持缄默（remain silent）的权利。 <br/>3. 他有游泳的天才。 <br/>4. 我已无钱可花。 <br/>5. 我无处可去。 <br/>6. 他太累了，不能开车了。（too…..to…..） <br/>7. 我很高兴看到你。 <br/>8. 他够聪明，可以进入大学。（enough…..to…..） <br/>9. 我的工作是教小孩英文。 <br/>10. 我看到你，感到很意外。（surprised to…...） <br/>11. 我们有很多可谈的事。 <br/>12. 他没有可以交谈的朋友。 </p><p><br/>第十一章 词组（Phrases）和子句（Clauses） <br/>请看以下的句子，特别注意划线的字群： <br/>1. Understanding English is easy. <br/>2. I want you to work hard. <br/>3. Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English. <br/>4. I told him that I was going away. <br/>Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，他们都没有主词，也没有动词，这种字群，叫做词组（phrase）。 <br/>Who has been to England和I was going away中，内部都有主词和动词，这种字群，叫子句（clause）。 <br/>由于我们已经对词组很熟悉，我们在这里不再讨论，而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。 <br/>11§1 问题型式的名词子句 <br/>假如我们说〝我不知道他住在哪里〞，或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞，我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句，每一个名词子句都要用who, where, whether, which等来开始。以下是典型的例子： <br/>I don't know where he came from.（我不知道他来自何处。） <br/>Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.（他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。） <br/>I will find out where he is living.（我要找出他住在哪里。） <br/>I can not remember whether he smokes or not.（我不记得他是否吸烟。） <br/>Please let me know how old he is.（请让我知道他多大年纪。） <br/>Kindly tell me what you really need.（请让我知道你需要什么。） <br/>You have to decide which book you want to buy.（你应该决定买哪一本书。） <br/>Do you know where he is from?（你知道他是从哪里来的？） <br/>Do you know who he is?（你知道他是谁吗？） <br/>Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.（请问你的兄弟他会不会来。） <br/>When she is coming remains a puzzle.（她何时来仍然是个谜。） <br/>I don't know what he is interested in.（我不知道他的兴趣何在。） <br/>I don't understand what he is talking about.（我不知道他在谈什么。） <br/>Do you know whose bicycle this is?（你知道这辆脚踏车是谁的吗？） <br/>Do you know which ｃｏｕｎｔry Hawaii belongs to?（你知道夏威夷属于哪一个国家吗？） <br/>You should ask your mother where you were born.<br/>（你应该问你的母亲你在哪里生的。） <br/>虽然每一个名词都有问题的意义，我们却不能在名词子句中用问句的型式，因为毕竟这个名词子句仅仅是一个子句而已，它的结尾并不是〝？〞。 <br/>因此以下的句子都是错的： <br/>＊I don't know where did he come from. <br/>＊I will find out how old is he. <br/>＊Kindly tell me what do you need. <br/>＊You have to decide which book do you want to buy. <br/>＊When is he coming remains a puzzle. <br/>【练习四十八】 <br/>将以下的中文句子译成英文： <br/>1. 我不知道你是谁。 <br/>2. 请告诉我你是否是美国人。 <br/>3. 我不记得你是否喝咖啡。 <br/>4. 请问你的姊姊她去年是否去过日本。 <br/>5. 你知道他是谁吗？ <br/>6. 他从哪里来的是一个谜（puzzle）。 <br/>7. 我要找出他哥哥会不会游泳。 <br/>8. 我知道他为何如此悲伤。 <br/>9. 你知道玛丽什么时候来吗？ <br/>10. 你知道发生了什么事吗？ <br/>11. 我知道天空为什么是蓝的。 <br/>12. 请告诉我你去年去哪里工作的。 <br/>13. 你知道他在谈什么吗？ <br/>14. 我不懂他的问题是什么。 </p>