[原创]化学
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［例<span lang="EN-US">1</span>］下列说法中正确的是<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 42pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 4.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">A.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">发光发热的变化一定是化学变化<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B.</span>固体变成气体一定是物理变化<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 42pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 4.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">C.</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">化学变化过程一定同时发生物理变化<span lang="EN-US">D.</span>物理变化过程一定同时发生化学变化<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［误点］以发光、发热作为判断化学变化的依据，错选<span lang="EN-US">A</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［辨析］本题主要考查“物理变化”和“化学变化”两个概念的辨析。化学变化过程中在有新物质生成的同时，还常伴随着发光、放热、变色、物质状态的改变等现象，这些现象所表示的变化均是物理变化，因此化学变化时一定同时发生物理变化。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">判断某一变化过程是物理变化还是化学变化，关键是看该变化有无新物质生成，而不能只凭表面现象。<span lang="EN-US">A</span>选项中发光放热的变化也可以是物理变化，如灯泡发光；<span lang="EN-US">B</span>选项中固体变成气体也可以是化学变化，如木炭燃烧；<span lang="EN-US">D</span>选项中物理变化中不一定发生化学变化，如水凝结成冰等。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［答案］<span lang="EN-US">C</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［例<span lang="EN-US">2</span>］下列基本反应类型中，一定有单质参与反应的是（<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">化合反应<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2;"> </span>B. </span>分解反应<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C. </span>置换反应<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D. </span>复分解反应<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［辨析］本题实际考察对并列概念：化合、分解、置换、复分解反应物种类和类别的本质特征的理解。化合反应——反应物为两种或两种以上，可能有单质；分解反应——反应物为一种，且一定是化合物；置换反应——反应物为一种单质和一种化合物；复分解反应——反应物为两种化合物。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［答案］<span lang="EN-US">C</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">思维技巧：紧紧抓住四种基本反应类型的内涵进行解题。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［例<span lang="EN-US">3</span>］在灭火过程中所采取的措施<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">不正确</span>的是（<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">将燃烧着的可燃物与空气隔绝<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B. </span>降低可燃物的着火点<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">将未燃烧的可燃物与火源隔离<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D. </span>使可燃物降温至着火点以下<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［辨析］燃烧需要三个条件：一是要有可燃物，二是可燃物要与氧气接触，三是可燃物的温度要达到着火点。只要破坏其中一个条件，就能达到灭火的目的。很明显，<span lang="EN-US">A</span>、<span lang="EN-US">C</span>、<span lang="EN-US">D</span>三个选项均可行，而<span lang="EN-US">B</span>选项中“降低可燃物的着火点”不可行，一种物质的着火点一般情况下是不变的。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［答案］：<span lang="EN-US">B<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">思维技巧：从燃烧的条件入手考虑灭火的措施。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［例<span lang="EN-US">4</span>］下列有关物质的用途中，利用其物理性质的是（ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">氧气用于炼钢<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B. </span>钢用于制导线<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C. </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">氮气用作灯泡填充气<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D. </span>镁用于制照明弹<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［辨析］<span lang="EN-US">A</span>选项是利用氧气能够支持燃烧的性质，属于化学性质；<span lang="EN-US">C</span>选项是利用氮气的化学性质稳定，稳定性是物质的化学性质；<span lang="EN-US">D</span>选项是利用镁燃烧时发出强的白光，也是根据它们的化学性质决定的用途。<span lang="EN-US">B</span>选项用途是利用铁的导电性，而导电过程中无新物质生成，所以是由物理性质决定的用途。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">［答案］：<span lang="EN-US">B<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">更多精彩详见：<span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #404040;"><a href="http://www.edu-chn.com/mskt/index.jsp">http://www.edu-chn.com/mskt/index.jsp</a><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 73.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-ｃｏｕｎｔ: 7.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #404040; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><a href="http://www.klej.com.cn/">http://www.klej.com.cn</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face=""> </font></p></span></p>
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