[转帖]改变命运的40个黄金支点—8.邮票效应
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="684" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 513pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid silver .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 31pt;"><td valign="top" width="684" style="BORDER-RIGHT: silver 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: silver 0.5pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: silver 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 513pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: silver 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 31pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">邮票效应</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 64pt;"><td valign="top" width="684" style="BORDER-RIGHT: silver 0.5pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: silver 0.5pt solid; WIDTH: 513pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: silver 0.5pt solid; HEIGHT: 64pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid silver .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">与人的某种具体事物、活动和情景相联系的课题,推论出来的准确性就会大为提高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 唐朝宰相李德裕曾镇守浙右。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 在他的任上,出了这样一件案子:甘露寺的和尚,控告前任主事贪污财物。证据是前几届主事接交都有文件,这个主事初任时,交接也很明白,但是他卸任时,黄金没有了。大家肯定是他把黄金藏了起来。经过审讯定罪,几乎已经结案。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 李德裕认为,未查清这些黄金是怎么耗用的,转手给谁也没证实,疑点甚多,便去询问被控告的前主事僧。这个和尚诉冤:历届接交都是空交文书,不盘查实物,其实并没有黄金。大家是用这件事孤立他,想乘机把他挤走。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 李德裕想了想,于是就把几届前任主事和尚请来,把他们单独分隔开,并让他们各自用黄泥,捏成各自交接的黄金模型。结果他们捏出的黄金模型千奇百怪,根本就没有相似的地方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 李德裕由此断定,历次交接只对证帐面,并未实际查库。那些主事僧面对证据,都不得不认罪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 在这个故事里,所反映出的一个规律就是:推理的材料具体,推理就比较容易;对于抽象材料,推理比较困难。有人把这种现象称为邮票效应,它得自于上个世纪后期进行的两个心理学实验。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">1972</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年,有心理学家曾经做过这样一个实验,让一批人扮演邮局的拣信员,在他的面前摆上几个贴了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">里拉和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">40</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">里拉面值邮票的信封,有的封了口,有的没有。告诉他们</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">如果信封封了,则它上面应贴有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">里拉的邮票</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">这一规定。那么,他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">应该翻看哪几个信封</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">才能作出判定呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 结果发现,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">24</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">个被试中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">21</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">人作了正确的选择,即翻看了那个封了的信封和贴有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">40</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">里拉邮票的信封。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 后来,一位叫沃森的科学家变更了材料,进行了一次实验。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 他把印有符号的四张卡片摆在参加实验者面前。告诉他们,每张卡片的正面印有英文字母,背面印有数字。要求他们从这四张卡片推论出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">如果一张卡片的正面印有一个元音字母,则在背面印有一个偶数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">这个命题是否有效。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 他们的任务是为判定这个命题是否有效他应该翻看哪几张卡片。结果发现,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">46</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%的人翻看了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">E</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">,这种选择是错的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">E</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">是必须翻看的,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">却不必翻看,因为它的背面不论是元音或是辅音,都不会使这一命题失效。只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%的被试翻看了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">E</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">。这是正确的选择,因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">E</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">的背面出现奇数,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">的背面出现元音就会使这一命题失效。另外有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">33</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%的被试只翻看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">E</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">。其余</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">17</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%的被试则做了其他错误的选择。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 这次实验中,参加实验的人选择正确率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%,远远低于邮票实验的正确率(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">87</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">%)。这说明,与人的某种具体活动情景相联系的课题,推论的正确性就会大为提高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 邮票效应在我们的生活中,特别是在一些科学研究中起着潜移默化的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 两千多年前,叙拉古的国王叫金匠造一个纯金的皇冠,做成后国王怀疑有假,便请被誉为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">数学之神</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">的阿基米德来鉴定。阿基米德一时也想不出好办法。一天他到浴室洗澡,当身子浸入浴盆时,发现水溢出盆外而身体重量减轻。他猛然想到:不同质料的东西,虽然重量相同,但因体积不同排去的水也不相等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 这一灵感的闪现,令他高兴得跳起来,飞奔回家试验,终于证实了皇冠掺有假,并发现了流体静力学的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">浮力定律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';"> 阿基米德之所以能够证实皇冠掺假,并且发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">浮力定律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">,原因就在于他从自己的洗澡中发现了类似的具体情景,从而推论出相似的结论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
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