丰收管理顾问 发表于 2008-3-4 14:27:25

[原创] 关于企业战略的几点思考(2)

<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="宋体"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">、竞争战略:致力于扩大市场份额还是获利性?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">近年来,“市场占有率”、“老大”成为不少企业追求的目标,因为“市场占有率”和“老大”在市场成长期确实曾经为不少企业带来了巨大的收益。在市场成长期,由于竞争不激烈,市场份额增长和销量扩大不但会增加收入,而且由于规模经济性的作用,还会降低成本、提高利润率,市场占有率与销售利润率正相关。但是,随着市场的成熟和竞争的加剧,市场扩张的难度和扩张成本必然会增加,销售费用的增长往往超过规模经济性质所带来的成本下降,以牺牲利润率为代价求得市场份额增加和收入增长的价格竞争策略,已难以为企业带来利润。所以,在新的形势下,企业竞争策略应认真考虑:是追求市场份额还是追求获利性。这实际上和企业更高层次的战略有关,或企业的不同阶段和地位有关。但无论如何,片面追求扩大市场份额显然已不合时宜,尤其是对于中、小企业。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">从国外来看,进入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年代以后,许多企业开始放弃长期坚持的“市场占有率至上”政策。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">1993</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年乔得曼担任福特汽车公司得董事长兼首席执行官后,明确地表明了这种政策转变:无利可图的大批量推销绝不会改善公司的利润,福特将不再追逐高销售额和市场份额而牺牲利润。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">、管理重心:增加收入还是提高效率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">在宽松的市场环境下,企业把精力放在开拓市场、增加收入上会取得明显成效。然而,当市场约束使增加收入变得异常困难时,提高效率就成为企业效益改善的关键。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">90</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年代,面对全球性的供给过剩,德鲁克就深刻地指出:系统地把注意力集中在生产率上的公司几乎肯定可以取得竞争优势。在企业运营效率上和世界先进企业相比,中国企业有明显的差距,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">1998</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年中国工业</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">强的平均资产利润率、人均利润和人均收入分别相当于当年世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">强的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">24.62%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">12.31%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">9.51%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">,总体效益偏低。因此,强化企业内部的科学管理对我国企业尤其具有重要意义。从更远的意义上讲,只有企业的生产率普遍提高了,职工的收入才能增长,未来的市场才能创造出来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">、业务发展:专业化还是多元化?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">在市场经济中,企业必须选择恰当的发展战略,在专业化和多元化经营的交叉发展中,应注重积累、保持和运用自己的核心竞争力,使之成为引导企业成功的关键要素。我本人是非常支持专业化战略的,以下的一些数据也许能进一步支持我的观点:据《财富》杂志统计,世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">强中,单项产品销售额占企业总销售额比重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">95%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">以上的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">140</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">家,占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">500</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">强总数的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">28%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">;主导产品销售额占总销售额</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">70%~95%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">194</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">家,占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">38.8%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">;关联产品销售额占总销售额</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">70%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">的有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">146</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">家,占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="">29.2%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">;而无关联产品实行多元化的企业则是凤毛麟角。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">多元化投资,专业化经营虽然为更多人所认可,但从实践来看,这种策略并没有给更多的企业带来成功。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">战略制定,不是一件容易的事;但战略思考,一定是企业不得不做的事!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"></p></font></p></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p><font face="">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>
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