sarria 发表于 2007-11-19 17:22:23

IT项目中的人员投入

<P align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><STRONG>IT项目中的人员投入</STRONG></SPAN> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">&nbsp;</SPAN></P>
<DIV align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">作者:商蓉蓉</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">2007-7-26</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"></SPAN></DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">任何项目都是通过具体的人来完成的。进度、费用、质量是项目管理的三要素,而“人”则贯穿项目的始终,是项目成功的基础,是项目管理者最应该关注的要件之一,影响和维持着进度、费用、质量之间的平衡。</SPAN></P></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"><A href="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/2007891713294734F71ED95DAE25181965AE4BDA2E84434.JPG" target=_blank><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><A href="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/2007891713294734F71ED95DAE25181965AE4BDA2E84434.JPG" target=_blank><img height=382 alt=点击看大图 src="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/2007891713294734F71ED95DAE25181965AE4BDA2E84434.JPG" width=600/></A></SPAN></A></A></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: ''; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“人”是整个项目的基础</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">一个项目的人员投入主要表现在投入的<STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">时机</STRONG>、<STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">数量</STRONG>和<STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">能力</STRONG>上,对这三方面的把握和平衡集中体现了项目管理者的智慧和能力。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">那么,到底如何安排人员的投入才能保证项目的成功呢?</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O /><O:P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ">&nbsp;</SPAN></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">首先,从“时机”上讲</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">,并不是越早投入越好。比如开发人员就不适合过早投入,如果过早介入项目,可能会在项目早期便将重心过多的引入到技术层面,而忽视了业务和整体上的考量,进而导致对技术领先的过分追求和功能设计上的华而不实。当然,如果开发人员进入的太晚,比如仅在开发阶段加入,那么可能会导致过度乐观的进度估计以及存在缺陷的系统设计,从而影响项目的进度和质量。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><img alt="" src="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/2007891452299428627E3BCF84EAA5CE2A8B85CA88BD8C5.JPG"/></SPAN></O:P></SPAN></P><SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ">2. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">项目各阶段的人员投入情况举例</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">其次,从“数量”上讲</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">,并不是投入的人员越多越好。项目组的规模越大,成员越多,则消耗在沟通、管理上的成本也就越大。所以,项目组的整体工作效率往往并不是与人数成正比。那么,多少人才合适呢?项目管理者通常会从以下几方面来考量:</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: ; mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">项目的规模。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">对于规模较小的项目,可以采用“小鸡快跑”的模式,仅需较少人员加入,同时采取快速开发的模式,减少不必要的文档输出,更容易取得成功。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">对于规模大而复杂的项目,仅靠少数人员根本无法在有限的时间内完成,必须由更多的人员分工合作才能完成。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: ; mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">模块的耦合度。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">我们常常将项目当中原本由一个人“串行”完成的工作改由多人“并行”完成,以期能够提高开发速度,缩短开发周期,而事实往往并非如此。在增加人员投入的同时,还必须考虑此项工作是否适合分割成更小的工作单元。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">因为,对于模块耦合度低的项目,人员的增加往往可以带来进度的明显缩减;对于模块耦合度高的项目,如果将内部耦合十分紧密的模块强行拆分,会造成沟通和集成的成本急剧升高,极有可能抵消掉并行开发所带来的进度缩减,反而造成进度拖延。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: ; mso-list: Ignore">3.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">人员的沟通成本。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">信息的通路与人数成正比。项目组的人员越多,沟通的成本越高,花费在开发之外的时间和精力就越多。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">如果成员数量达到一定规模以后,工期反而会随着人数的增加而延长,开发速度不升反降。所以,并不是投入的人员越多工期就会相应的缩短,在增加人员投入的同时一定要考虑到沟通成本对项目效率和进度的影响。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"><A href="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/200789171336879EB55AACDA45AFF6A50CA23E7E52A37B3.JPG" target=_blank><img height=325 alt=点击看大图 src="http://photo.vsharing.com/Uploads/UserAlbums/1/133/52925/200789171336879EB55AACDA45AFF6A50CA23E7E52A37B3.JPG" width=600/></A></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&nbsp;</SPAN></O:P></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ">3. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">决定人员投入数量的三个因素</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ">&nbsp;</SPAN></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: ; mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">最后,从“能力”上讲</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">,并不是能力越高就越好。所谓“才不在高,够用就行”。大材小用,往往会导致心不在焉,容易出现纰漏;小才大用,往往会导致不堪重负,容易眼高手低。所以,找到一个适合的人往往比找到一个高手更有利于项目的成功。</SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><O:P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ">&nbsp;</SPAN></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">综上所述,项目管理者在考虑项目人员投入的同时,必须充分考虑以上这三方面的因素,以期获得最好的结果。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></P></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></O:P>

bowen2006 发表于 2007-11-26 23:01:10

<p>好帖啊!</p>

深蓝动力 发表于 2007-11-29 15:51:29

<p>正在寻找团队的平衡点!</p>

hammer9 发表于 2007-11-30 10:20:45

<p>软件项目分确定需求型和探索需求型。楼主这种比较适合确定需求型的。</p><p>一般来说作已有的成熟系统,或者服务支持系统,他们的需求一般来说都能跟据已有系统拷贝一个,或者由成熟的业务部门给出成熟的需求,那么用第一种比较合适。</p><p>有些项目,包括美国大软件公司微软,Google之类,他们的项目是探索需求型,所以还要迭代开发。这类项目的需求是凭空想出来的,做出来之前不知道行不行,而且基本上要改,所以得一遍一遍反复做反复改,直到好用为止。我觉得在一个业务不是很清晰的环境中,即便是IT支持系统,也需要这么做。</p>

laura66 发表于 2008-10-11 01:25:16

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