21世纪不动产培训教程7
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)黏土砖的种类:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">标准砖:标准砖是建筑工程中最常用的砖,它广泛使用于砖承重的墙体中,也用于非承重的填充墙。黏土砖的尺寸为:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">240mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">115 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">53 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。每块砖干燥时约重</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2.5Kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,吸水后约为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3 Kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">空心砖和多孔砖:空心砖的规格为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">190 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">190 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">90 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,每立方米约重</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1100 Kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。多孔砖的规格为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">240 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">115 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">90 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,每立方米约重</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1400 Kg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)黏土砖的强度:黏土砖的特点是抗压强度高,可以承受较大的外力。反映砖承重外力的能力叫做强度;而反映强度大小称为强度等级。一个建筑物选用哪一个强度等级的砖,应由设计单位通过计算确定。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)黏土砖的吸水率:黏土砖都有一定的吸水性,能吸附一定量的水分,吸水的多少可以用吸水率来表示。吸水率一般允许在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">8%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">10%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的范围内。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)黏土砖的抗冻性:是指砖抵抗冻害的能力。抗冻性由实验作出。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)黏土砖的外观质量:普通黏土砖的外形应该平整、方正。外观无明显弯曲、缺楞、掉角、裂缝等缺陷,敲击时发出清脆的金属声,色泽均匀一致。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 23.25pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 54.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">二、房屋构造组成部分:</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、房屋构成部分:地基与基础、墙或柱、楼板与地面、门窗、楼梯、屋顶等组成。</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)地基和基础:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">地基:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">系建筑物下面的土层。它承受基础传来的整个建筑物的荷载,包括建筑物的自重、作用于建筑物上的人与设备的重量及风雪荷载等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">基础:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">位于墙柱下部,是建筑物的地下部分。它承受建筑物上部的全部荷载并把它传给地基。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)墙和柱:承重墙和柱是建筑物垂直承重构件,它承受屋顶、楼板层传来的荷载连同自重一起传给基础。此外,外墙还能抵御风、霜、雨、雪对建筑物的侵袭,使室内具有良好的生活与工作条件,即起围护作用;内墙还把建筑物内部分割成若干空间,起分割作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)楼板和地面:楼板是水平承重构件,主要承受作用在它上面的竖向荷载,并将它们连同自重一起传给墙或柱。同时将建筑物分为若干层。楼板对墙身还起着水平支撑的作用。底层房间的地面贴近地基土,承受作用在它上面的竖向荷载,并将它们连同自重直接传给地基。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)楼梯:是指楼层间垂直交通通道。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)屋顶:是建筑物最上层的覆盖构造层,它既是承重构件又是围护构件。它承受作用在其上的各种荷载并连同屋顶结构自重一起传给墙或柱;同时又起到保温、防水等作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)门和窗:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">门:是提供人们进出房屋或房间以及搬运家具、设备等的建筑配件。有的门兼有采光、通风的作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">窗:其主要作用是通风采光。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">一般来说,基础、墙和柱、楼板、地面、屋顶等是建筑物的主要部分;门、窗、楼梯等则是建筑物的附属部件。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、基础</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)基础的类型</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按使用的材料分为:灰土基础、砖基础、毛石基础、混凝土基础、钢筋混凝土基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按埋置深度可分为:浅基础、深基础。埋置深度不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">者称为浅基础,大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">者称为深基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按受力性能可分为:刚性基础和柔性基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按构造形式可分为条形基础、独立基础、满堂基础和桩基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">条形基础</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">:当建筑物采用砖墙承重时,墙下基础常连续设置,形成通长的条形基础</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">刚性基础:是指抗压强度较高,而抗弯和抗拉强度较低的材料建造的基础。所用材料有混凝土、砖、毛石、灰土、三合土等,一般可用于六层及其以下的民用建筑和墙承重的轻型厂房。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">柔性基础:用抗拉和抗弯强度都很高的材料建造的基础称为柔性基础。一般用钢筋混凝土制作。这种基础适用于上部结构荷载比较大、地基比较柔软、用刚性基础不能满足要求的情况。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">独立基础:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">当建筑物上部为框架结构或单独柱子时,常采用独立基础;若柱子为预制时,则采用杯形基础形式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">满堂基础:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">当上部结构传下的荷载很大、地基承载力很低、独立基础不能满足地基要求时,常将这个建筑物的下部做成整块钢筋混凝土基础,成为满堂基础。按构造又分为伐形基础和箱形基础两种。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">伐形基础:是埋在地下的连片基础,适用于有地下室或地基承载力较低、上部传来的荷载较大的情况。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">箱形基础:当伐形基础埋深较大,并设有地下室时,为了增加基础的刚度,将地下室的底板、顶板和墙浇制成整体箱形基础。箱形的内部空间构成地下室,具有较大的强度和刚度,多用于高层建筑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">桩基础:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">当建造比较大的工业与民用建筑时,若地基的软弱土层较厚,采用浅埋基础不能满足地基强度和变形要求,常采用桩基。桩基的作用是将荷载通过桩传给埋藏较深的坚硬土层,或通过桩周围的摩擦力传给地基。按照施工方法可分为钢筋混凝土预制桩和灌注桩。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">钢筋混凝土预制桩:这种桩在施工现场或构件场预制,用打桩机打入土中,然后再在桩顶浇注钢筋混凝土承台。其承载力大,不受地下水位变化的影响,耐久性好。但自重大,运输和吊装比较困难。打桩时震动较大,对周围房屋有一定影响。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">钢筋混凝土灌注桩:分为套管成孔灌注桩、钻孔灌注桩、爆扩成孔灌注桩三类。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)基础的埋置深度</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">:由室外设计地面到基础底面的距离称为基础的埋置深度。基础的埋置要有一个适当的深度,既保证建筑物的安全、又节约基础用材,并加快施工进度。决定建筑物基础埋置深度的因素应考虑下列几个条件:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">土层构造的影响:房屋基础应设置在坚实可靠的地基上,不要设置在承载力较低、压缩性高的软弱土层上。基础埋深与土层构造有密切关系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">地下水位的影响:地下水对某些土层的承载力有很大影响。如粘性土含水量增加则强度降低;当地下水位下降,土的含水量减少,则基础将下降。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">冰冻线的影响:冻结土与非冻结土的分界线成为冰冻线。当建筑物基础处在冻结土层范围内时,冬季土的冻胀会把房屋向上拱起;土层解冻时,基础又下沉,使房屋处于不稳定状态。</SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙体</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">相邻建筑物的影响:如新建房屋周围有旧建筑物时,除应根据上述条件决定基础埋深外,还应考虑新建房屋基础对旧有建筑的影响。</SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 41.25pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)墙体的分类:</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按其在平面中的位置可分为内墙和外墙。凡位于房屋四周的墙称为外墙,其中位于房屋两端的墙称为山墙。凡位于房屋内部的墙称为内墙。外墙主要起围护作用,内墙主要分隔房间作用。另外沿建筑物短轴布置的墙称为横墙,沿建筑物长轴布置的称为纵墙。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按其受力情况可分为:承重墙和非承重墙。直接承受上部传来荷载的墙称为承重墙,而不承受外荷载的墙称为非承重墙。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按其使用的材料分为:砖墙、石墙、土墙及砌块和大型板材墙等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对墙面进行装修的墙称为混水墙;墙面只做勾缝不进行其它装饰的墙称为清水墙。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">根据其构造又分为:实体墙、空体墙和复合墙。实体墙由普通黏土砖或其它实心砖砌筑而成;空体墙是由实心砖砌成中空的墙体或空心砖砌筑的墙体;复合墙是指由砖与其它材料组合成的墙体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)砖墙的厚度</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖墙的厚度符合砖的规格。砖墙的厚度一般以砖长表示,例如半砖墙、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3/4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖墙、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖墙、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖墙等。其相应厚度为:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">115mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、(称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">178mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、(称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">18</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">240mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、(称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">24</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">365mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、(称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">37</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">490mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、(称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">墙厚应满足砖墙的承载能力。一般说来,墙体越厚承载能力越大,稳定性越好。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖墙的厚度应满足一定的保温、隔热、隔声、防火要求。一般讲,砖墙越厚,保温隔热效果越好。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)过梁与圈梁</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">过梁:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">其作用是承担门窗洞口上部荷载,并把荷载传递到洞口两侧的墙上。按使用的材料可分为:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">钢筋混凝土过梁:当洞口较宽(大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1.5M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">),上部荷载较大时,宜采用钢筋混凝土过梁,两端深入墙内长度不应小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">240 mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">砖砌过梁:常见的有平拱砖过梁和弧拱砖过梁。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">钢筋砖过梁:钢筋砖过梁是在门窗洞口上方的砌体中,配置适量的钢筋,形成能够承受弯矩的加筋砖砌体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">圈梁:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为了增强房屋的整体刚度,防止由于地基不均匀沉降或较大的震动荷载对房屋引起的不利影响,常在房屋外墙和部分内墙中设置钢筋混凝土或钢筋砖圈梁。其一般设在外墙、内纵墙和主要内横墙上,并在平面内形成封闭系统。圈梁的位置和数量根据楼层高度、层数、地基等状况确定。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 41.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 41.25pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2、<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">地面与楼板</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)地面:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">是指建筑物底层的地坪。其基本组成有面层、垫层和基层三部分。对于有特殊要求的地面,还设有防潮层、保温层、找平层等构造层次。每层楼板上的面层通常叫楼面,楼板所起的作用类似地面中的垫层和基层。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">面层:是人们日常生活、工作、生产直接接触的地方,是直接承受各种物理和化学作用的地面与楼面表层。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">垫层:在面层之下、基层之上,承受由面层传来的荷载,并将荷载均匀地传至基层。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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