corter 发表于 2006-5-9 17:56:01

影响民营企业绩效增长的组织压力及压力源初探

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">当今社会竞争日益激烈</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工作与生活节奏的加快</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">使现代人体验到了更大的工作压力</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">许多研究表明</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工作压力对人们的工作绩效和身心健康产生了严重的影响,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">这已成为当今常见的社会心理现象</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">因而越来越受到社会的关注</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于组织压力将会影响企业战略、领导行为和人力资源模式的选择,近年来</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">压力管理的重点日益注重组织层面</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">基于组织背景的压力模型研究。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 22.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -22.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 22.5pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">一、<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">压力及其研究的意义<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: " mso-font-kerning:="" 0pt?="" adobesongstd-light-acro,bold?;="">工作压力定义<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工作压力的英文名称是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Job Stress </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">也称为工作紧张或工作应激</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">是指与工作相关的不良刺激对个体所引起的负性主观体验和心理、生理反应</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>2.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: " mso-font-kerning:="" 0pt?="" adobesongstd-light-acro,bold?;="">研究意义<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">从以上定义可以知道</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工作中的不良刺激是引起工作压力的原因</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">称之为“工作压力源”或“应激源”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">这种不良刺激使个体受到挫折或被感知为具有潜在的危害性时</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">就会引起负性情绪及其心理和生理反应</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">从而构成了工作压力的主要特征</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">当这些负性情绪能被个体正确“应付”时</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一般不会造成长期的心理与生理上的损害</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">但如果负性情绪持续时间太长</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">个体又无法应付时</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">就会造成健康损害</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。 <SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">当工作的强度、复杂性以及竞争程度的增加给个体带来长期的压力,并得不到有效的缓解时,由于工作要求和个体应对资源的长期不平衡或延长的工作应激,心理和身体症状的适应过程将出现崩溃,逐渐产生心理、生理上的疲惫,工作能力下降,工作热情丧失,工作责任感消退,对他人日益冷漠等过劳<SPAN lang=EN-US>(Burnout)</SPAN>表现。过劳会严重损害个体健康和组织的竞争力。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Christina Maslach</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Michael P.Leiter</SPAN>的研究表明造成当今社会迅速蔓延的过劳现象主要来源于人与工作间的六大类矛盾冲突:工作负荷过大,对工作失去控制能力,工作回报过低,集体精神的瓦解,处事不公,以及价值观的冲突。对于过劳现象的解除和预防,<SPAN lang=EN-US>Christina Maslach</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Michael P.Leiter</SPAN>认为需要从企业战略目标的方向着手,强调对企业工作环境的改造和提高,而不是对员工个人自身素质的改造,即致力于对影响企业日常经营管理的企业结构和生产服务流程进行改造,而非解决员工们所遭遇的具体的过劳危机。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">其他方面的心理学研究也验证了<SPAN lang=EN-US>Christina Maslach</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Michael P.Leiter</SPAN>强调企业支持的观点。几项心理学的研究结果表明当影响企业决策的管理者感到有压力时,他们倾向于:<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">选择性的知觉信息,只注意那些可以确认自己先前偏见的信息<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对不确定性无法忍受,要求明确的回答<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">固着于问题的一种解决方法<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">过高估计时间流逝的速度(因此,他们通常感觉很匆忙)<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采用短期的观点或一种危机处理的心理,而停止对长期影响的考虑<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对问题进行细致区分的能力下降,因此复杂性和细微差别被忽视<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">较少寻求咨询和倾听他人的意见<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">按过去的习惯来处理当前的情境<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 61.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: -19.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 61.85pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>l</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">产生创造性思想和独创性的问题解决方案的能力下降<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">这样,压力不仅在工作场所对员工产生负面的影响,而且在很大程度上阻止了有效的管理行为——例如,倾听、做出好的决策、有效地解决问题、进行计划和产生新的思想。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于工作压力对员工的工作和健康及企业绩效的成长有着如此深刻的影响</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">因此研究组织中的压力问题</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">对于员工及企业有着非常重要的意义。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 22.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -22.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 22.5pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">二、<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">民营企业的组织压力与压力源<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">国内民营经济的迅速发展只有最近二十年的历史,在目前不成熟的市场环境条件下,民营企业与政府支持的国有企业及非国民待遇的外资企业相比,由于政策环境及稀缺资源供给条件的影响,在市场竞争中处于明显劣势,因此民营企业面临着较后两者更为严峻的生存环境,这种生存压力促进了企业早期的快速成长,但也阻碍了企业的成熟甚至导致了企业的衰亡。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">经历了早期创业的民营企业,在从成长迈向成熟的过程中往往会表现出:企业绩效增长停滞,人员流动频繁。有的企业能够妥善解决从而度过困境,有的却由于不适当的管理导致压力产生恶性循环就此一竭不振。这种压力循环及压力源需要从企业的成长历史中进行探寻。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">民营企业的早期成长<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">许多早期民营企业创立是基于“致富”的信念,依靠创业者的直觉把握了不成熟市场中的机会,同时还利用了法律缺失环境中的空白及关系网络,尤其是后者所产生的巨大灰色收入为企业赢得第一桶金并成为收入的稳定来源,前两年媒体频繁出现的“原罪”争论就是对这一现象的反思。由于受传统中华文化及社会环境变革的影响,早期的企业主大部分有着以下的明显特征:吃苦耐劳、勤俭节约、善于通过交际建立个人关系网络。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在企业创立的早期,企业资金严重不足,企业的主要任务在于解决生存的问题,在强大的生存压力下,企业中的目标非常清晰,同时有限的员工往往也与创业者有着千丝万缕的关系,因此很容易团结在创业者的周围下形成最大的合力。此外,创业期间面临着许多变数,而且千差万别,对于个体来说有着面对许多不曾经历的挑战的机会,易于激发工作热情。这时候的企业优势在于:处于被忽略的市场区域,而且船小好掉头能够迅速应对变化的环境。能够始终伴随企业成长的员工也必然具有适应此特定环境的同质性。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">组织压力及压力源<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">随着企业的成长,业务稳定发展,企业经营规模及员工数量也逐渐扩大,阻碍企业成长的因素比创业早期更多样化,一些在早期产生积极作用的因素也开始反过来阻碍企业的成长。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 27.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">1).<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">管理能力缺乏的压力源恶性循环<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于缺乏必要的管理训练,企业主经常按照经验来进行决策,尤其是创业的成功使得企业主对自己的能力膨胀了信心。而实际上企业的成长已经从依靠直觉把握机会转变到通过数据分析寻找机会,从粗放经营转变到精细化,企业成长规模的扩大已经超出了企业主的个人控制能力,在变化了的环境下采用经验决策,往往出现错误,这个时段的企业出现对新项目的投资失败是司空见怪,而且会出现屡战屡败、屡败屡战的现象,因为企业主在过往成长的过程中就是从这种不断尝试中赢得了机会,这在企业主身上打下了深深的烙印。错误的经营决策导致企业绩效下滑,在这种超出个人能力的压力影响之下,企业主会更多的关注工作,压力过大甚至过劳的现象开始出现,决策能力进一步下降,企业绩效持续下滑。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">此外决策的经常性变化也使得员工难以适应而产生了巨大的工作压力,在笔者对一家集团内部各业务部门的分析中发现,人员的变动(包含人员调动、离职、办公地点变化)和各业务部门的业绩有着明显的负相关,人员变动率越高的公司其业绩排名越靠后。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 27.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">2).<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">员工管理的压力源恶性循环<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">企业主创业的很大一个信念是“致富”,人的欲望是无穷的,挣钱之后挣更多的钱决定了民营企业主对员工剥削的实质;企业主对于员工的态度很多时候也只停留在满足生存条件的认识上,“致富”的价值观也使企业主缺乏真正的社会责任感,加上自己所具有的吃苦耐劳、勤俭节约等人格特征的体验,往往忽视了员工自我实现等更高的心理需求,具体表现在给予员工较低的收入、缺乏社会保障体系、不增加投入下不断要求付出等;加之迅速扩张持续存在的资金压力及传统的管理方式,造成员工</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工作负荷过大、对工作失去控制能力、工作回报过低,在此情况下员工逐</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">渐产生心理、生理上的疲惫,工作能力下降,工作热情丧失,工作责任感消退,对他人日益冷漠的现象,企业集体精神瓦解,企业出现争权夺利的内耗,最后员工大量离开企业,珠三角出现的民工荒就是这一压力源的典型表现。在此阶段,岗位的工作性质要求更加专业化,而且从一人兼顾多种不同岗位变化到一人负责单一的专业工作,从工作多样化转变成单一枯燥,同时由于缺乏系统的管理基础,对各个岗位的要求往往没有非常明确的指导,工作中经常出现模糊区域。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">凌文辁、方俐洛、黄红等人的研究也表明角色压力源是员工工作压力的主要来源之一。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">随着企业绩效下降,企业主往往根据表象归结为员工个人的原因,开始尝试不同的管理方法,不断对管理人员进行开会寻找方法,甚至有些企业的会议数量连政府部门的文山会海也无法比拟。缺乏科学系统的不断的管理实验及大量的会议,更加重了企业主和员工的工作负荷,管理实验的失败体验更加沉重打击员工信心乃至麻木,使得工作能力进一步下降,企业绩效持续下滑。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 27.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">3).<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">关系环境的压力源<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在人治占着重要地位的社会环境,人小式微的民营企业在成长过程中始终难以避免关系网络的影响,在关系网络帮助企业获得成长之后,报恩及保持关系网络成为企业头疼的问题,每一家企业都不得不安置缺乏足够能力的企业主家族成员和政府官员的亲戚朋友等,当这些人绩效不佳时,企业只能采取回避的政策,这种环境因素影响的处事不公不断侵蚀着企业的精神。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 27pt; TEXT-INDENT: -27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 27.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">4).<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">法律缺失与伦理道德的压力源<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于不断尝到利用法律缺失而非正常经营获得灰色收入的甜头,企业主在经营企业过程中不断背离社会发展的要求也最终使得企业的发展与社会经济发展产生背离。本来财务部门必须对企业的经营提供详尽的科学分析数据,但由于存在违规的现象,不少企业的财务部门只能将精力放在应付各种审查之中,而为掩盖这些违规经营各个部门也必须有不同程度的投入,对各级管理人员产生了伦理道德价值观的冲突,这些最后都往往得不偿失,美国安然的轰然倒塌就是一个著名的例子。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 22.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -22.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 22.5pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">三、<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">解决的途径<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">基于对这些影响企业绩效增长的组织压力及压力源的的分析,解决的途径还是必须从组织的角度出发。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">明确价值观<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">明确具有人性化和社会责任感的价值观,能够确认将企业整合在一起的中心价值观,确认什么是企业中的所有员工都共同认可的价值观,以及由此而形成的核心企业文化,将有利于指导企业的经营方向,在快速变化的经营环境中,始终</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: " times="" new="" roman??="" roman?;="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" ?times="">以一致的价值观为判断对错的评估基准,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">能有效地缓解员工与工作之间的矛盾冲突,极大提高员工们与工作之间的默契程度,降低员工压力和过劳发生的几率。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>2.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">提升管理技能<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">提升企业主及公司整体的管理技能将能够帮助企业做出科学的决策,减少由于决策错误产生的损失并提升企业绩效。可以采用企业主及管理人员进行管理技能培训,全员的基本技能培训,企业主授权,外界支持等多种方法,逐步建立科学的管理系统,不断提高企业管理水平,改善工作环境,这样同时也能减少员工由于角色压力源所产生的工作压力。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>3.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">有意识的控制企业成长速度<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">企业规模的扩大,需要更多的财务及人力资源供给,而这两种资源的储备需要一定的时间,尤其人力资源的沉淀更是一项艰巨的任务。为了扩张大量举债,当市场出现意想不到的变化时将造成企业的资金链断裂,“非典”时期很多能够幸存下来的企业就是采取了保守稳重的财务策略。当企业由于迅速扩张而合适的人力资源供给不足时,到处充斥的不合格人员,也将造成管理混乱,影响公司财务绩效,最终导致现金流短缺而不得不含泪倒闭。因此“广积粮、缓称王”是在企业成长期的可选策略。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.0pt" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>4.<SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-VARIANT: normal" times="" new="" roman??="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">社会文明和法律制度建设<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light-Acro; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">即使在法律体系成熟完善的西方依然存在非法规避法律的经营,更何况是在法律严重缺失的中国市场经济体系呢?只有在政府不余遗力的提倡和进行社会精神文明建设,科学管理社会和决策,并依靠严厉完善的法律约束,才能减少企业主在经营过程中违背社会伦理道德的几率,促进企业绩效与社会发展的同步。<SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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