三十六、《周易》与头脑风暴法
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体">三十六、《周易》与</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">头脑风暴法</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">头脑风暴法的发明者是现代创造学的创始人,美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于<SPAN lang=EN-US>1938</SPAN>年首次提出头脑风暴法。头脑风暴原指精神病患者头脑中短时间出现的思维紊乱现象,病人会产生大量的胡思乱想。奥斯本借用这个概念来比喻思维高度活跃,打破常规的思维方式而产生大量创造性设想的状况。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,其可分为直接头脑风暴和质疑头脑风暴法。前者是在专家群体决策基础上尽可能激发创造性,产生尽可能多的设想的方法;后者则是对前者提出的设想,方案逐一质疑,发行其现实可行性的方法。这是一种集体开发创造性思维的方法。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">创造性思维就是指发散性思维,这种思维方式,遇到问题时,能从多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构去思考,去寻找答案。<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">《系辞传·下》曰“夫‘易’,彰往而察来,而微显阐幽。开而当名辩物,正言断辞则备矣。其称名也小,其取类也大。其旨远,其辞文,其言曲而中,其事肆而晦。”</B>意思是说,《周易》可以彰明以往,察知未来,显露细微,阐明幽深。每个卦爻有适当的名称,明辨天下事物的形态,不至于混淆不清,正确的表明吉凶变化的道理,毫无偏差,完备无缺,它的文辞中所指物名,多似细小,但所代表的类别却是极其庞大,它的旨意非常深远,它的文辞富有文采,他的言辞婉转而中肯,它所叙述的事物直率而又隐晦。所以说,用易学的观点去思考问题,就会不受现有知识的限制,也不受传统方法的束缚,思维路线是开放性、扩散性的,解决问题的方法不是单一的,而是在多种方案、多种途径中去探索,去选择。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">《系辞传·上》曰“是故夫象,圣人有以见天下之赜,而拟诸其形容,象其物宜,是故谓之象。圣人有以见天下之动,而观其会通,以行其典礼,系辞焉以断其吉凶,是故谓之爻。极天下之赜者存乎卦,鼓天下之动者存乎辞,化而裁之存乎变,推而行之存乎通,神而明之存乎其人。”</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">意思是说,所以易学的象,便是圣人发现了天下万物的奥妙所在,于是参照万物的形象与外貌,根据天象与地理的物象创造了八卦的形象,所以称之为卦象。圣人发现了天下万物的运动规律,将这些规律进行综合整理,使之成为人们的行为准则,并且附上爻辞使人们能明白吉凶灾福,所以称之为爻<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>即从爻中可以看出万物的变化规律<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。极尽天下万物奥秘的,在于六十四卦,鼓动天下行动的,在于卦辞和爻辞,刚柔运转在于变,推行阴阳之道在于通,明白这些神奇奥妙之道,在于对易理的运用。由此可见,易学的创立之道便是教我们怎样</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">思考问题,它要求我们要思路开阔,善于从全方位思考,思路若遇难题受阻,不拘泥于一种模式,能灵活变换某种因素,从新角度去思考,调整思路,从一个思路到另一个思路,从一个意境到另一个意境,善于巧妙地转变思维方向,随机应变,产生适合时宜的办法。</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">或者在思路的选择上、或者在思考的技巧上、或者在思维的结论上,具有着前无古人的独到之处,在前人、常人的基础上有新的见解、新的发现、新的突破,从而具有一定范围内的首创性、开拓性。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">创造性思维包括:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、辐射思维:以一个问题为中心,思维路线向四面八方扩散,形成辐射状,找出尽可能多的答案,扩大优化选择的余地。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、多向思维:从不同的方向对一个事物进行思考,更注意从他人没有注意到的角度去思考。角度多一些<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>才能对事物有更全面更透彻的了解,才能抓住事物的本质,发现他人不曾发现的规律。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>、换元思维:根据事物多种构成因素的特点,变换其中某一要素,以打开新思路与新途径。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、转向思维:思维在一个方向停滞时,及时转换到另一个方向。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、对立思维:从对立的方向去思维,从而将二者有机地统一起来。 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、反向思维:从相反的方向去思维,寻找突破的新途径。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>、原点思维:从事物的原点出发,从而找出问题的答案。在探究事物时我们常常会遇到这样的情况:百思不得其解的问题,最终回到问题的原点去思考,答案迅即出现。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、连动思维:由此思彼的思维。连动方向有三:一是纵向,看到一种现象就向纵深思考,探究其产生的原因;二是逆向,发现一种现象,则想到它的反面;三是横向,发现一种现象,能联想到与其相似或相关的事物。即由浅入深,由小及大,推己及人,触类旁通,举一反三,从而获得新的认识和发现。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">头脑风暴法力图通过一定的讨论程序与规则来保证创造性讨论的有效性,由此,讨论程序构成了头脑风暴法能否有效实施的关键因素,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">从程序来说,组织头脑风暴法关键在于以下几个环节<SPAN lang=EN-US>:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">确定议题</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">一个好的头脑风暴法从对问题的准确阐明开始。因此,必须在会前确定一个目标,使与会者明确通过这次会议需要解决什么问题,同时不要限制可能的解决方案的范围。一般而言,比较具体的议题能使与会者较快产生设想,主持人也较容易掌握<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>比较抽象和宏观的议题引发设想的时间较长,但设想的创造性也可能较强。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">会前准备 </SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">为了使头脑风暴畅谈会的效率较高,效果较好,可在会前做一点准备工作。如收集一些资料预先给大家参考,以便与会者了解与议题有关的背景材料和外界动态。就参与者而言,在开会之前,对于要解决的问题一定要有所了解。会场可作适当布置,座位排成圆环形的环境往往比教室式的环境更为有利。此外,在头脑风暴会正式开始前还可以出一些创造力测验题供大家思考,以便活跃气氛,促进思维。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">3、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">确定人选</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">一般以<SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>人~<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>人为宜,也可略有增减<SPAN lang=EN-US>(5</SPAN>~<SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN>人<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。与会者人数太少不利于交流信息,激发思维<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>而人数太多则不容易掌握,并且每个人发言的机会相对减少,也会影响会场气氛。只有在特殊情况下,与会者的人数可不受上述限制。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">4、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">明确分工</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">要推定一名主持人,<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>~<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>名记录员<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>秘书<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。主持人的作用是在头脑风暴畅谈会开始时重申讨论的议题和纪律,在会议进程中启发引导,掌握进程。如通报会议进展情况,归纳某些发言的核心内容,提出自己的设想,活跃会场气氛,或者让大家静下来认真思索片刻再组织下一个发言高潮等。记录员应将与会者的所有设想都及时编号,简要记录,最好写在黑板等醒目处,让与会者能够看清。记录员也应随时提出自己的设想,切忌持旁观态度。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">5、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">规定纪律 </SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">根据头脑风暴法的原则,可规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。如要集中注意力积极投入,不消极旁观<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>不要私下议论,以免影响他人的思考<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>发言要针对目标,开门见山,不要客套,也不必做过多的解释<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>与会之间相互尊重,平等相待,切忌相互褒贬等等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 40.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 40.5pt" align=left><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">6、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">掌握时间 </SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">会议时间由主持人掌握,不宜在会前定死。一般来说,以几十分钟为宜。时间太短与会者难以畅所欲言,太长则容易产生疲劳感,影响会议效果。经验表明,创造性较强的设想一般要在会议开始<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>分钟~<SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN>分钟后逐渐产生。美国创造学家帕内斯指出,会议时间最好安排在<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>~<SPAN lang=EN-US>45</SPAN>分钟之间。徜若需要更长时间,就应把议题分解成几个小问题分别进行专题讨论。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">一次成功的头脑风暴除了在程序上的要求之外,更为关键是探讨方式</SPAN></B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,心态上的转变,简单地说,就是充分的、非评价性的、无偏见的交流,具体可归纳以下几点<SPAN lang=EN-US>:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、自由畅谈 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">参加者不应该受任何条条框框限制,放松思想,让思维自由驰骋。从不同角度,不同层次,不同方位,大胆地展开想象,尽可能地标新立异,与众不同,提出独创性的想法。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、延迟评判 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">头脑风暴,必须坚持当场不对任何设想作出评价的原则。既不能肯定某个设想,又不能否定某个设想,也不能对某个设想发表评论性的意见。一切评价和判断都要延迟到会议结束以后才能进行。这样做一方面是为了防止评判约束与会者的积极思维,破坏自由畅谈的有利气氛<SPAN lang=EN-US>;</SPAN>另一方面是为了集中精力先开发设想,避免把应该在后阶段做的工作提前进行,影响创造性设想的大量产生。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、禁止批评 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">绝对禁止批评是头脑风暴法应该遵循的一个重要原则。参加头脑风暴会议的每个人都不得对别人的设想提出批评意见,因为批评对创造性思维无疑会产生抑制作用。同时,发言人的自我批评也在禁止之列。有些人习惯于用一些自谦之词,这些自我批评性质的说法同样会破坏会场气氛,影响自由畅想。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、追求数量 <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">头脑风暴会议的目标是获得尽可能多的设想,追求数量是它的首要任务。参加会议的每个人都要抓紧时间多思考,多提设想。至于设想的质量问题,自可留到会后的设想处理阶段去解决。在某种意义上,设想的质量和数量密切相关,产生的设想越多,其中的创造性设想就可能越多。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">5</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">、改善组合<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 新宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">改善组合的意思是从别人的创意中得到启发而想出更好的创意。也就是说会议要鼓励与会者思考别人的创意,在别人的基础上发展和提炼出新的创意<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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