【原创连载】图形经济学（新思维导图）
<div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体">图形经济学——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">原创性的构建读图时代的新思维导图理论</span></span></div><div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">作者：黄剑峰（栖息谷笔名：菜农2）</span></span></div>
<div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></span> </div>
<div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font face="Verdana"><font size="4">引言 <br/><strong>一、文字与图形的符号化历史</strong></font> <br/>1.1 图形的概念与定义 <br/>1.2 文字演化历史 <br/>1.3 图形演化历史 </font></span></span></div><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><font face="Verdana">
<div><br/><font size="4"><strong>二、图形思维的哲学原理 </strong></font><br/>2.1信息哲学 <br/>2.2人类是符号思维的动物 <br/>2.3空间符号能力的重要性 <br/>2.4视觉思维 <br/>2.5图式概念创新 </div>
<div><br/><strong><font size="4">三、图文表示的经济学选择 </font></strong><br/>3.1 文字演化的经济规律 <br/>3.2 图形演化的经济规律 <br/>3.3 图文的经济学选择</div>
<div><br/><font size="4"><strong>四、图式理论 </strong></font><br/>4.1 图学一般理论（语义语用等） <br/>4.2 图式思维的诠释 <br/>4.3 图式思维的实践（5W1H及范畴表达）</div>
<div> <br/><font size="4"><strong>五、图形思维的商业实践</strong> <br/></font>5.1 企业商业模式的图式表示 <br/>5.2 企业战略地图与可视化管理 <br/>5.3 企业图形应用的效率选择 <br/>5.4 图形的各类商业应用实践 </div>
<div><br/><font size="4"><strong>六、未来世界 </strong><br/></font>6.1 符号变革的社会变迁 <br/>6.2 读图时代的商业图景 <br/>6.3 读图时代教学改革与新教育业 <br/>6.4 视觉思维对未来文化的影响</font></span></span></div>
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-10-13 9:14:41编辑过] <p><?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme> <p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><b>引子：读图时代的为什么</b></span></p>
<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><strong></strong></span> </p>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么我们这个互联网时代又称为读图时代？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么儿童需要看图识字，人们似乎不担心儿童看不懂图，只担心不认识字？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么少儿喜欢看漫画家制作的动画片胜于真人表演的电影？为什么新一代青少年在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">QQ</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">聊天或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">BBS</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">讨论时大家喜欢用表情符？</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么新兴人类写信（邮件）时喜欢在文字中夹杂简单的漫画？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么书市上会出现那么多图解类的书籍？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么我们的企业需要可视化管理？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么微软使用视窗界面而电脑要带一个鼠标？为什么我们的软件编程都有流程框图？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么西方跨国公司在企业战略、经营管理的文件大量使用框图类的示意图？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">OFFICE</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">软件中关于图形的功能越来越多？为什么</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">OFFICE</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">软件中已经把系统框图、循环框图、金字塔框图、流程框图预</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">先已经设置好了，用户只需要添加文字即可？ </span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为什么政府事业单位越来越多地使用图示标识？为什么电子地图越来越立体化？</span></div>
<div class="O" style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">…… </span></div>
<div class="O" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1; mso-text-indent-alt: 168" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"></div>引言1.JPG ：<br/> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">
<p><font face="Verdana"></font> </p>
<p><font face="Verdana"> 其实我们对这些“为什么”没有认真地思考过，用熟视无睹来描述读图时代的现状可以说再恰当不过。但是，读图时代的问题并不因为我们熟视无睹而烟消云散，相反，一种紧张的代沟冲突正在形成：老一代的文化人心底里对未来的图形爆炸存在恐惧，他们生怕被指责为读图性的文盲，他们嘲笑和指责年轻一代只会看漫画，不会看抽象的文字，却掩饰着生怕被淘汰的不安；而新一代的年轻人看惯了漫画式的知识书籍，对于长篇大论文字书籍望而生畏，沉溺于动漫游戏中不可自拔，也被老一代人指责为抽象思维的弱智儿而深感不安，这样，新老两代人其实对于文字和图形都没有一个深刻的认识，在不安中继续制造更大的不安，可以说，图形符号的爆炸和泛滥，又给人类添加一个无形的阶级差别，图形思维能力的阶级差别，或者说识图上的文化人和文盲的差别，使得一部分人创造设计图形的世界（游戏设计），而另一部部分人沉浸在图形世界里做机械动作（玩游戏），这是不公平的，要知道后一种人由于不会图形的创造，被前一种人设计成机构里的机械玩物，实际上，如果把图形当作一种文字一样的符号来认识，那么每个人都应该学会写字和画图的能力，每个人都应该会设计游戏程序，而不应该造成这一符号上的差别。 <br/> 本书试图用历史解释、原理解释（哲学、经济学）和实践中的应用举例，解释清楚图形的本质，让图形回归到人们可以认识的符号本原，消除两代人的误解和不安，在正确理解图形符号的本质的基础上，我们可以愉快轻松地掌握图形符号的经济原理，使其促进生产力的发展。 <br/> 本书并非是美术图学方面的技术书籍，主要针对企业家、职业经理人、教育界师生等人群，相信各类读者理解了这些法则，即使不会画画，也不会在读图时代感到迷失，相反，通过对法则的正确理解，可以更经济更高效利用图形来促进生产力。 </font></p>
<p> </p>
<p>两代人文化冲突的典型动漫（男孩主要玩电游）</p></span></span>父打子.gif ：<br/>
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<div style="mso-line-spacing: '-160 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">本文的简要观点： </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">一、人类最初的思维符号是图形，这种思维符号在古代技术落后情况下，使用不经济，继而简化为文字，文字具有经济性而被广发</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">使用。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">二、近代机械代替手工使绘画技术获得经济性，尤其在电脑互联网时代，人们制作图形和获取图形的效率大为提高，人类信息沟通</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">中，图形代替文字具有阅读的经济性而被广泛应用。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">三、图形符号的经济性革命后，除了对文字进行部分替代外，更重要的是，图形符号引发思维的革命，图式思维比文字思维显得更</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">加高效、准确和全面。（图形思维的一种：图式思维的原创部分会详细展开) </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">四、目前图形符号的实践应用没有刚性的原理，实践走在理论前面，人们在经济生活中按经济原则选择图文的匹配。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（这点上与其他书籍不同，其他鼓吹图形的书籍，一是强调理论的刚性，二是强调图形的绝对优点，三是指导读者学习绘图。）</span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">五、企业家可以不会画图，只要懂得图文经济性匹配原理，在读图时代不会影响效率，但是如果对图形经济性认识有误，则会影响企业的经营效率，当然只是一个因素，不构成绝对的成败的充分条件。</span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"></span> </div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '120 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"></span> </div></div>引言2.JPG ：<br/> <p><font face="黑体" size="5">第一章：文字与图形的符号化历史</font></p>
<p>第一章1.JPG ：</p>
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<p class="O" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1" align="center" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">相传伏羲画八卦，始于干卦三之第一画，干为天，故有</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">一画开天</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">”的成语，似乎中国的早期符号都是有具体的圣人创造，文字是由仓颉创造，因为早期的文字是绘画，所以仓颉也是画家</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。这是传说。<br/></p></span>
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<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">内容介绍： </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20="20"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><font size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">人类先有原始绘画，后来才有文字，文字来源于原始绘画，随后，东西方文字按照不同的方式简化、传播，文</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">字本身的读写和载体都发生了经济性改进，但是图形的绘制发展缓慢，直到文艺复兴才理解透视原理，科学制图</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">直到十八世纪末绘画几何理论确立才得到规范和传播，照相机出现是人类借助工具得到精确图像，随后的电影、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">电视、录像机等工具的发明，图形图像事业的越发丰富，而电脑绘图加上互联网模式后，图形符号的传播发生质</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">的革命，图形符号在表达人类思想上在很多方面超过文字，图文混合的后现代符号体系确立。 </span></font></div>
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<p><br/> </p>
1.1图形的概念与定义
<p><?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme><font size="4"><strong> <font face="Verdana">1.1图形的概念与定义</font></strong></font> </p><p><br/> </p>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图：所有图形和图像的简称。</span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图画：用线条和色彩构成的形象。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图形：在平面上绘制的物体形状，一般是用线条勾绘。在电脑中，图形是矢量方式的线条，图形有时泛指普遍的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图类。 </span></strong></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（注：图形是指人类主观上勾勒的自为信息符号，本文主要研究人类绘制图形的经济性，所以成为图形经济学。）</span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图像：在更广泛的介质上，用摄影、绘制、印刷或者光学显示等手段，造就的有明暗色彩的较为复杂的形象。在</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">电脑中，图像是指点阵法表达的像素集合。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（注：图像有时为自然成像，具有自在信息符号的一面，本文中的图形与自为性质的图像意义重合，但是与自在性质的图像意义有区别。）</span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><strong>图式：指用简单图形表示抽象思维的逻辑结构图以及符号化图形。</strong></span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（这是本文独创的概念，还衍生了图式思维概念，图式思维是指简化为逻辑结构图的框图性思维，而图形思维为更加广泛的意义。） </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图案：有装饰意义的具有一定几何规律的图形。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图景：画面上景物或者想象的景象。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><strong>图式思维：将抽象的文字概念用图形来表示或者把文字框定其逻辑位置关系的图文思维方式。</strong> </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">视觉：视觉一般指人的眼睛感受到的图像信息，但有时视觉是指图形、图像信息，视觉化思维是指利用脑子中感</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">受到的图像元素进行思考，有时视觉化思考与图形思考是同一概念。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">符号：符号是指代一定意义的意象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">可以是图形图像、文字组合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">也不妨是声音信号、建筑造型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">甚至可以是一种思</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">想文化、一个时事人物。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">信息：信息由意义和符号组成。信息称资讯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">是一种消息</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">通常以文字或声音、图象的形式来表现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">是数据按有意义</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">的关联排列的结果。信息又是与符号有时是同一意思。 </span></div>
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<p> </p>
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<div class="O" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-spacing: '100 50=" v:shape="_x0000_s1026" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 50? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">本书中定义图形来自主观，图像来自客观，主要研究主管图形的经济性，所以称为图形经济。</span></div>
<p><br/> </p>图片1.1.jpg ：<br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-10-12 13:50:44编辑过]
1.2文字的演化历史
<?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme><font size="4"><strong> <font face="Verdana">1.2文字的演化历史</font> </strong></font><br/><div class="O" v:shape="_x0000_s1026">
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">历史教科书认为，在史前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">万年人类出现原始绘画，考古学家在一些岩洞里发现了这些史前人类的绘画，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">绘画对象多数为马、野牛、鹿等动物，这也展现了旧石器时代的狩猎图景。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">而文字约在史前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">千年才被发现的，这漫长的过程，人类艰难地进行着从图形转化到文字的原创过程。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">在史前几万年的历史中，我们很难找到完整的遗迹来系统地复原人类声音语言、符号图形和文字的形成过</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">程。我们从中国古代甲骨文，埃及象形文、苏美尔契形文字，大致推测人类创造文字的一个过程。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">语言专家们认为，人类的声音言语远比人类的文字语言要早，从目前的原始部落的考证来看，当前地球上的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">原始部落都有比较发达的声音语言，但这些部落的文字就不那么发达了，它们接近原始绘画和象形符号，并且绘</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">画和符号与巫术、图腾结合在一起，这与史前人类文明的过程大致相似。 </span></div>
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<p>第一章图片2.jpg ：</p>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><font size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">史前，原始人用木炭、红土及动物脂肪油与黏土调制为颜料，在洞顶及主要洞道两侧彩绘动物形象。壁画线条粗犷，气势磅礴，动</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">感强烈，绘图区域大量使用符号。壁画动物以马、野牛、鹿等狩猎对象为主。拉斯科洞穴壁画位于法国西南部多尔多涅省附近称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">拉斯科</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">的岩洞内，是旧石器时代岩画代表之一。 </span></font></div>
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<p><br/>图片1.jpg ：<br/></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-10-12 13:51:43编辑过] <p> </p>
<p> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">在人类建立符号系统之前，人类只能是用喉咙发简单的声音，用手脚身体做身体语言，这种智慧与蜜蜂、蚂</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">蚁、候鸟、猿猴相差无几，并不能说明人类比动物高明多少，而第一个原始绘画的产生，标志着人类正式向动物告别。</span><br/>第一章3.jpg ：</p>
<p><?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme> </p>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">岩画： </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">岩画是人类最古老的绘画形式，是原始人类在山壁岩石上雕刻或涂画的图画，再现了远古先民的劳动生活和思想观念。中国的内蒙</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">古、青海、云南、江苏等地就有远古的岩画。法国有拉斯科洞穴等也有丰富的远古岩画。</span></div></div>第一章4.jpg ：<br/><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图像形的陶器记事符号： </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">汉字从图画发展而来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">4500</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">年前生活在泰山附近的人们，在陶器上刻画了一些图画似的记事符号，它们有的可能是图腾符号。这类</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">图像形符号都是一个一个地刻在随葬陶器的口沿下边，数量不太多。这些图像形符号，看上去与几何形符号明显不同，样子有点像</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">后来的甲骨文，可以让人看出意义来；另外，同一种符号在很多地方都有发现，说明这种符号不但有了传播信息的功能，而且很可</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">能有读音。因而，这种有形、有音、有义的图像形刻画符号，大概是中国最早的文字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">原始图形文字。请看图中这个刻画在陶器</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">上的符号，这个符号在几个不同的地方都能见到，它很像一幅早晨的图画：太阳越过高山，穿过云层，慢慢升了起来。很多文字学</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">家都说这是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">旦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">旦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">就是早晨的意思，上边的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">是太阳，下边的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">是山和云的简化。</span></div></div>
<p> </p>
<p>（摘自台湾语文教科书）</p> <div class="O" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">古时候的绘画与生存活动和宗教活动混在一起的，绘图是一种空间符号化能力的培育，随着绘制图形的熟练和规范，从图形中再抽象出更简单的意义符号就是文字的诞生。</span></div>
<p>第一章5.png ：</p>
<p><?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme> </p>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">几何形的陶器记事符号： </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"> </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">考古工作者在黄河中游地区的仰韶文化遗址，发现了很多陶器上的几何形符号。这些五六千年前刻在陶器上的线条符号，由于太简</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">单太抽象了，所以很难看出所表示的意思。在陕西西安半坡村出土的陶器上发现了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">113</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">个刻画符号，其中大部分是重复的符号，说明</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">这些符号是有目的刻画的，它们肯定有某种记事功能。应该说，这些几何形符号对后来汉字的产生是有影响的，其中一些符号有可</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">能就是某些汉字的起源。</span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"> </span> </div></div>
<p>第一章5.jpg ：</p>
<p>（佚名） </p>
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<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">甲骨文： </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">如果这种图像形的刻画符号真是汉字的起源的话，那么，目前发现的最早的一批汉字应该产生在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">4500</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">年前的山东泰山一带。作为文</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">字，大汶口文化的图像形符号还处于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">原始图形文字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">阶段，还很不成熟。又过了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">年，比较成熟的文字出现了，这就是著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">甲</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">骨文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"></span></div>
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"></div></div> <?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#eeece1,#1f497d,#4f81bd,#c0504d,#0000ff,#800080"></p:colorscheme> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">汉字起源于图画。在汉字产生的早期阶段，象形字可能只有实体的指称种类，这些实体可能已经在口语中有</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">读音，如牛、马、羊等，这样，象形字的读音是它所代表的语素转嫁给它的。这与西方拼音文字的标音字母不</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">同，古代中国口语也早于文字已经在古人中流传，这样，为了满足口语记录需要，一些汉字不仅要表达实体意</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">义，也还要纯粹表音，这样，汉字内部产生细分，一部分汉字纯粹是象形文字，一部分由象形文字兼做表音字</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">（通假），还有一部分纯粹表音，本身形状不重要，这样细分后，祖先们发现，一些表意和表音的文字互相又可</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">以合起来组成新的文字，例如，表音的其字，与木结合成为棋，与月结合成为期，与土结合成为基。 </span>
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<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">从甲骨文演变到现代汉字的脉络是非常直观易懂了，中国文字的形成在世界几大文字形成中，脉络最清晰、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">过程最合乎逻辑，文字的象形、表意、标音合理平衡，经济性也是最佳的，鉴于这些优点，汉字经得起历史的风</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">吹雨打，汉字都坚固完整，不易剥落。这也是一个了不起的奇迹。</span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 20=" 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: mso-char-wrap: 1? 20? 0?;> </div></div>
<p>第一章7.JPG ：</p>
<p> </p>第一章6.jpg ：<br/>（汉字简化的经济性演化过程）
[此贴子已经被作者于2009-10-11 22:55:31编辑过]