[分享]唐诗《感遇》其四（陈子昂）
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">感遇三十八首（其四）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 陈子昂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 乐羊为魏将，食子殉军功。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 骨肉且相薄，他人安得忠？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 吾闻中山相，乃属放麑翁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 孤兽犹不忍，况以奉君终。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这是《感遇诗》的第四首。诗人拈出两则对比鲜明的历史故事，夹叙夹议，借古讽今，抒写自己对时事的深沉感慨。全诗质朴雄健，寄寓遥深。诗中写了两个历史人物：乐羊和秦西巴。乐羊是战国时魏国的将军，魏文侯命他率兵攻打中山国。乐羊的儿子在中山国，中<personname wst="on" productid="山国">山国</personname>君就把他杀死，煮成肉羹，派人送给乐羊。乐羊为了表示自己忠于魏国，就吃了一杯儿子的肉羹。魏文侯重赏了他的军功，但是怀疑他心地残忍，因而并不重用他。秦西巴是中<personname wst="on" productid="山国">山国</personname>君的侍卫。中<personname wst="on" productid="山">山</personname>君孟孙到野外去打猎，得到一只小鹿，就交给秦西巴带回去。老母鹿一路跟着，悲鸣不止。秦西巴心中不忍，就把小鹿放走了。中<personname wst="on" productid="山">山</personname>君以为秦西巴是个忠厚慈善的人，以后就任用他做太傅，教育王子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 一个为了贪立军功，居然忍心吃儿子的肉羹。骨肉之情薄到如此，这样的人，对别人岂能有忠心呢？一个怜悯孤兽，擅自将<personname wst="on" productid="国">国</personname>君的猎物放生，却意外地提拔做王子的太傅。这样的人，对一只孤兽尚且有恻隐之心，何况对他的<personname wst="on" productid="国">国</personname>君呢？他肯定是<personname wst="on" productid="能忠">能忠</personname>君到底的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 现在要研究的是：陈子昂为什么要写这两个历史故事？他当时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">遇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">到了什么事，因而有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">感</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">要发呢？原来武则天为了夺取政权，杀了许多唐朝的宗室，甚至杀了太子李宏、李贤、皇孙李重润。上行下效，满朝文武大臣为了效忠于武则天，干了许多自以为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">大义灭亲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">的残忍事。例如大臣崔宣礼犯了罪，武后想赦免他，而崔宣礼的外甥霍献可却坚决要求判处崔宣礼以死刑，头触殿阶流血，以表示他不私其亲。陈子昂对这种残忍奸伪的政治风气十分愤怒。但是他不便正面谴责，因而写了这首诗。这首诗从表面上看，似乎是一首咏史诗，实质上是一首针砭当时政治风气的讽谕诗。清代陈沆《诗比兴笺》说它</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">刺武后宠用酷吏淫刑以逞也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">，是道出了作者旨意的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ""; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-family: ''; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> （施蛰存）</span>
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