与“勇气”号探测器有关的创新题
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">与</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="">“</font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">勇气</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="">”</font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">号探测器有关的创新题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face=""> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">美国“勇气”号火星探测器</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="4" month="1" year="2004"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">2004</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">成功登陆火星，而且登陆后的表现也非常出色。给地球发回首批珍贵的黑白照片后，还发回更为精彩的彩色照片和更多科学数据。在太阳系中，火星是靠近地球最近的一个行星，因此许多国家都在准备对火星进行探测。下面就以此为题材进行命题，意在培养学生应用知识解决问题的能力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．若“勇气”号一直沿地球、火星的连线运动，当地球对它的引力和火星对它的引力大小相等时，“勇气”号距地球与距火星的距离之比为</span><u><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face=""> </font></span></span></u><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">。（已知地球质量大约是火星质量的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">倍）</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．探测器有可能在一些环形山中发现质量密集区。当飞越这些密集区时，通过地面的大口径射电望远镜观察，探测器的轨道参数发生微小变化。这些可能的变化是（）</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．半径变小</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face=""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．半径变大</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face=""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．速率变小</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face=""><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．速率变大</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．火星探测器中的机器人测得火星上一昼夜的时间为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1.9×10<sup>4</sup>s</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">，并在火星的赤道上，用弹簧秤称得一个铅球的重力是在火星两极重力的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">90</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">％，则火星的平均密度为</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd;"><font face=""><u><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u><span lang="EN-US">kg/m<sup>3</sup></span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．美国的“勇气”号着陆后将对火星矿物进行勘探，以期证实火星早期曾存在高温热水的设想；“勇气”号则用于对火星水的形成原因进行研究。科学家研究水是根据中子光谱仪探知的，这种仪器若发现，中子的速度在火星尘土中某些部分出现了明显下降，就可以知道火星尘土中有大量的氢离子。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">）从碰撞实验的角度说明为什么中子速度明显下降，表明有氢离子存在，从而间接证明可能存在水。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">）这类似物理学史上什么著名实验？</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">说明：以上创新试题使用年级，高一下学期期末考试、高三备考复习。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">参考答案：</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">3:1 </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face=""> AD </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">3.9×<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="kg" sourcevalue="103" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">10<sup>3</sup>kg</chmetcnv>/m<sup>3</sup></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 7.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">．（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">）中子的质量与质子的质量相近，根据弹性碰撞规律知道，中子与质子相碰后速度发生交换，中子速度明显下降，质子则获得较大的速度。中子速度明显下降表明大量氢离子（质子）的存在，从而间接证明火星存在水。（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">）发现中子的实验。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; 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