zhengping 发表于 2007-10-10 16:41:09

21世纪不动产培训教程12

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">用加平均利润。具体地说,是指按照估价时点当时的社会正常的建筑技术、工艺水平、建筑材料价格、人工和机械费用等,重新建造同类结构、式样、质量及功能的新房屋所需要的费用加平均利润。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">8</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、底价、期望价、补地价</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">A</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">底价</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">底价,是指政府、企业或私人出售(尤其是拍卖)房地产时确定的最低价格,亦称起叫价格(简称起价),若低于这个价格则可不出售。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">B</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">期望价</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">期望价,一般是指政府、企业或私人出售房地产时希望卖出的满意价格。如在底价基础上上涨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">15%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,即可视为期望价。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">C</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">补地价</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">补地价,是指在更改政府原出让土地使用权时规定的用途,或增加容积率,或转让、出租、抵押划拨土地使用权,或出让的土地使用权续期等时需要交给政府的一笔地价。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对于改变用途来说,补地价的数额通常等于改变用途后与改变用途前地价差额,即:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">补地价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">改变用途后的地价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">改变用途前的地价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对于增加容积率来说,补地价的数额可用下列公式计算:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">补地价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">〔(增加后的容积率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">原容积率)÷原容积率〕×原容积率下的地价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">9</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、其他价格</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">除以上八个方面以外,还有一些其他房地产价格名称,如现房价,期货价、最高限价、最低限价。在政府有关部门制定的房地产法规中,还有房地产的计划价格、指导价格、平均价格、成本价格、商品价格等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">其中,现货价格是指钱货即期两讫的价格,期货价格是指房地产的预售价格。两者的关系是:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">期货价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">现货价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">-</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">相应的投资利息±销售风险预期损益值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">第二节</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"> </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房地产价格的影响因素</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房地产价格水平,是众多影响房地产价格的因素相互作用的结果,或者说,是这些因素交互影响汇聚而成的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">要把握影响房地产价格的因素,首先应在观念上有下面四点认识:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.25pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">各种影响房地产价格的因素对房地产价格的影响方向是不尽相同的:有的因素降低房地产的价格的,有的因素则提高房地产的价格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.25pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">各种影响房地产价格的因素对房地产的价格的影响程度也是不尽相同的:有的因素对房地产价格的影响较大(即随着这种因素的变化而引起的房地产价格的升降幅度较大),有的因素则影响较小。但是,随着时期的不同,地区的不同,或者房地产的类型不同,那些影响较大的因素也许会变成影响较小的因素,甚至没有影响;相反,那些影响较小的因素有可能成为主要的影响因素。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.25pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.25pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">各种影响房地产价格的因素与房地产价格之间的影响关系是不尽相同的:有的因素对房地产价格的影响是一向性的,即随着这种因素的变化而提高(或降低)房地产的价格;有的因素在某一状况下随着这种因素的变化而提高(或降低)房地产的价格,但在另一状况下却随着这种因素的的变化而降低(或提高)房地产的价格;有的因素从某一角度看会提高房地产的价格,但从另一角度看却会降低房地产的价格,其对房地产价格的最终影响如何,是由这两方面的合理决定的。</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.25pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">某些因素对房地产价格的影响是完全可以用数字模型来度量的,但更多的因素对房地产价格的影响是无形的,虽然可以感觉到,但难以用数学公式表达出来。至于他们对房地产价格究竟有多大程度的影响,主要靠估价人员长期积累的丰富经验来作出判断。所以说,房地产估价必须借助科学的估价方法,但又不是简单地套用某些计算公式就能解决。计算需要以综合分析房地产价格的相关因素为基础,计算的结果也往往需要通过对影响房地产价格的因素做综合分析后再作进一步的修正。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">影响房地产价格的因素多而复杂,通常需要进行归纳分类。为讨论分析的方便起见,现将影响房地产价格的因素分为如下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">类:供求状况、自身条件、环境因素、人口因素、经济因素、社会因素、行政因素、心理因素、国际因素、其他因素。各类影响因素中还包括着若干具体的影响因素。下面就对各种影响房地产价格的因素作一一分析。此处值得一提的是,许多影响因素之间并不是完全独立的,但在分析某一因素对房地产价格的影响时是假定其他因素不变的,虽然实际生活中不可能不变。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">一、供求状况</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">供给和需求是形成价格的两个最终因素。其他一切因素,要么通过影响供给,要么通过影响需求来影响价格。房地产的价格也是由供给和需求决定,与需求成正相关,与供给成负相关。供给一定,需求增加,则价格上升;需求减少,则价格下跌。需求一定,供给增加,则价格下跌;供给减少,则价格上升。房地产的供求状况可分为如下四种类型:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">A</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">全国房地产总的供求状况</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">B</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">本地区房地产总的供求状况</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">C</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">全国本类房地产总的供求状况</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">D</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">本地区本类房地产总的供求状况</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">由于房地产的不可移动性及变更使用功能的困难性,决定某一房地产价格水平高低的,主要是本地区本类房地产的供求状况。至于其他类型房地产的供求状况对该房地产的价格水平有无影响及其影响的程度,要看这些供求状况的波及性如何而定。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">二、自身条件</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房地产自身条件的好坏,直接关系到其价格高低。所谓自身条件,是指那些反映房地产本身的自然物理性状态的因素。这些因素分别如下:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、位置</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">各种经济活动和生活活动对房地产位置都有所要求。房地产位置的优劣直接影响其所有者或使用者的经济收益、生活满足程度或社会影响,因此,房地产坐落的位置不同,价格有较大的差异。无论是坐落在城市或乡村、中心商业区或住宅区、街角或里地、向阳面或背阳面均如此。尤其是城市土地,其价格高低几乎为位置优劣所左右。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房地产价格与位置优劣成正相关。商业房地产的位置优劣,主要是看繁华程度、临街状态。居住房地产的位置优劣,主要是看周围环境状况、安宁程度、交通是否方便,以及与市中心的远近。其中别墅的要求是接近大自然,环境质量优良,居于其内又可保证一定的生活私密性。“一步差千金”对于商业来讲永远是个真理,但对于营造别墅则是个误区。工业房地产的位置优劣,通常许视其产业的性质而定。一般来说,要是其位置有利于原料与产品的运输,便利于废料处理及动力的取得,其价格必有趋高的倾向。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房地产的位置从表面上看是个几何概念,但实际上并不是一个简单的几何概念,而是与特定的区位相联系的自然因素与人文因素的总和。故房地产的位置有自然地理位置与社会经济位置之别。房地产的自然地理位置虽然固定不变,但其社会经济位置却会发生变动,这种变动可能是因城市规划的制定或修改,交通建设或改道,也可能是其他建设引起的。但房地产的位置由劣变优时,则价格回上升;相反,则价格会下跌。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、地质</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">不同类型的建筑物对地基承载力有不同的要求,不同的土地有不同的承载力。地址条件决定着土地的承载力。地址坚实、承载力较大,有利于建筑使用。在城市土地中,尤其是在现代城市建设向高层化发展的情况下,地质条件对地价的影响较大。地价与地质条件成正相关;地质条件好,地价就高;反之,地址条件差,地价则低。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、地形地势</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">地形是指同一块土地内的地面起伏状况。地势是指本块土地与相邻土地的高低关系,特别是与相邻道路的高低关系,如,是高于或低于路面。一般来说,土地平坦,地价较高;土地高低不平,地价较低;在其他条件相同时,地势高的房地产的价格要高于地势低的房地产的价格。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">4</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、土地面积</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">同等位置的两块土地,由于面积大小不等,价格会有高低差异。一般来说,凡面积过于狭小而不利于经济使用的土地,价格较低。地价与土地面积大小的关系是可变的。一般来说,在城市繁华地段对面积大小的敏感度较高,而在市郊或农村则相应较低。土地面积大小的合适度还因不同地区、不同消费习惯而有所不同。例如,某地方市场若普遍接受高层楼房,则该地方较大面积土地的利用价值要高于较小面积土地的利用价值,因而较大面积土地的价格会大大高于较小面积土地的价格。相反,如果地方市场仅能接受小型建筑型态,则较大面积土地的价格与较小面积土地的价格,差异不会很大。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、土地形状</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">土地形状是否规则,对地价也有一定的影响。土地形状有正方形、长方形、三角形、菱形、梯形等。形状不规则的土地由于不能有效利用,价格一般较低。土地经过调整或重划之后,利用价值提高,地价立即随之上涨。地价与土地形状成正相关:土地形状规则,地价就高;土地形状不规则,地价就低。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">6</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、日照</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">日照有自然状态下的日照和受到人为因素影响下的日照两种。房地产价格与日照的关系具有下列特征:一方面与日照成正相关;另一方面与日照成负相关。一般来说,受到周围巨大建筑物或其他东西遮挡的房地产的价格(尤其是住宅),必低于无遮挡情况下的同等房地产的价格。日照对房地产价格的影响还可以从住宅的朝向对其价格的影响中看到。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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