zhengping 发表于 2007-10-10 16:28:43

21世纪不动产培训教程6

<P class=MsoBodyText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 27.0pt 54.0pt" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">第二节</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">房屋构造概述</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">一、建筑材料知识</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">主要建筑材料包括水泥、钢筋、木材、普通混凝土、黏土砖等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、水泥</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)常见水泥的种类:硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥等五种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)水泥标号:水泥标号是表示水泥硬化后的抗压能力。常用水泥编号例如:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">325</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">425</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">525</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">625</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)常用水泥的技术特性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">凝结时效性:水泥的凝结时间分为初凝与终凝。初凝为水泥加水拌合到水泥浆开始失去可塑性的时间。终凝为水泥浆开始拌合时到水泥完全失去可塑性开始产生强度的时间。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">体积安定性:是指水泥在硬化过程中,体积变化是否均匀的性质。水泥硬化后产生不均匀的体积变化成为体积安定性不良,不能使用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">水热化性:水泥的水化反应为放热反应。随着水化过程的进行,不断放出热量称为水热化。其水热化释放热量的大小和放热速度的快慢主要与水泥标号、矿物组成和细度有关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">细度:指水泥颗粒的粗细程度。颗粒越细,早期强度越高。但颗粒越细,其制作成本越高,并容易受潮失效。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">标准稠度用水量:指水泥沙浆达到标准稠度时的用水量。标准稠度是做水泥的安定性和凝结时间时,国家标准规定的稠度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、钢筋</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)建筑钢筋的种类:钢筋是钢锭经热轧而成,故又称热轧钢筋,是建筑工程中用量最大的钢材品种。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按外形可分为:光圆钢筋、带肋钢筋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按钢种可分为:碳素钢钢筋和普通低合金钢钢筋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">按强度可分为:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个级别。其中Ⅰ级钢筋为低碳钢钢筋,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为低合金钢钢筋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)建筑用钢筋的应用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">Ⅰ级钢筋为热轧光圆钢筋,其强度较低,塑性及焊接性能较好。广泛应用于普通钢筋混凝土结构中受力较小部位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">变形钢筋中Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级钢筋的强度、塑性、焊接性能等综合使用指标较好,是普通钢筋混凝土结构中用量最大的钢筋品种,也可经冷拉后做预应力筋使用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">冷加工钢筋</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">冷拉钢筋:冷拉钢筋的屈服程度会提高,而塑性降低。冷拉Ⅰ级钢筋适用于普通钢筋混凝土中的受力部位,冷拉Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级钢筋均可作为预应力筋使用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">冷拔低碳钢筋:其有较高的抗拉强度,是小型构件的主要预应力钢材。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、木材</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)木材的种类:分为针叶树和阔叶树两类。其中针叶树的树干长直高大,纹理通直,材质较软,加工容易,是建筑工程中的主要用材。阔叶树材质较坚硬,称之为硬材,主要用于装修工程。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)建筑木材的性能与用途</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">红松:材质较软,纹理顺直,不易翘曲、开裂,树脂多,耐腐朽,易加工,主要用于制作门窗、屋架、檩条、模板等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">鱼鳞云杉:又名白松。材质轻、纹理直、结构细、易干燥、加工,主要用于制作门窗、模板、地板等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">马尾松:材质中硬,纹理直斜不匀,结构中至粗,不耐腐,松脂气味浓,在水中很耐久,主要用于制作模板、门窗、橼条、木柱等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">落叶松:材质坚硬而脆,树脂多,耐腐性强,干燥慢,干燥中易开裂。主要用于檩条、地板、木桩等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">杉木:纹理直而均,结构中等或粗,易干燥、耐久性强。主要用于制作屋架、檩条、门窗、脚手杆等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">柏木:材质致密,纹理直或斜,结构细,干燥易开裂,坚韧耐久。主要用于制作模板及细木装饰等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">洋松:分细皮和粗皮两种。细皮的结构精细,不易变形,容易加工,适于较高要求的装修;粗皮的结构较松,但质料坚固,变形与收缩量较小,适用于要求不高的装修。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)木材的类别</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为了合理用材,木材按加工与用途不同分为原木、杉原条、板方材等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">原木是指伐倒后经修枝,并截成一定长度的木材。分直接使用原木和加工用原木。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">杉原条是指只经修枝剥皮,没有加工成材的杉木,长度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">以上,梢直径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">60mm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">以上。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">板方材是指按一定尺寸加工成的板材和方材。板材是指断面宽为厚的三倍及三倍以上者;方材是指断面宽度小于厚度的三倍者。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、普通混凝土</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)普通混凝土概念:其主要是由水泥、普通碎石、砂和水配置而成的混凝土。其中石子和砂子起骨架作用,称为骨料。石子为粗骨料,砂为细骨料。水泥加水后形成水泥浆,包裹在骨料表面并填满骨料间的空隙,作为骨料之间的润滑材料,使混凝土混合物具有适于施工的和易性,水泥水化硬化后将骨料胶结在一起形成坚固整体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)混凝土的性能:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">混凝土的和易性:是指混凝土在施工中是否适于操作,是否具有能使所浇注的构件质量均匀、成型密实的性能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">混凝土的强度:抗压强度是混凝土的主要强度指标,它比混凝土的其它强度高得多,工程中主要是利用其抗压强度,也是进行结构设计的主要依据。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 21.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">l<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt ''">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">混凝土的耐久性:混凝土能抵抗各种自然环境的侵蚀而不被破坏的能力称为耐久性。对混凝土除要求具有一定的强度安全承受荷载外,还应具有耐久性,如抗渗、抗冻、耐磨、耐风化等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">5</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、黏土砖</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">黏土砖是以黏土为主要原料,经搅拌成可塑性,用机械挤压成型的。挤压成型的土块称为砖坯,经风干后送入窑内,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">900</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''">1000</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 幼圆; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">℃的高温下煅烧即成砖。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 幼圆; mso-bidi-font-family: ''"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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